PALAEOLITHIC RACES 519 



In the first place, the Chellean industry cannot be identified 

 with Chellean man ; that is, we have no reason to assume that 

 even at this early date the human family was homogeneous, 

 not yet differentiated into divergent races. General considera- 

 tions would indeed suggest the contrary. 



In the next place, we cannot identify the Chellean industry 

 with a Chellean epoch. It probably originated at some particular 

 centre and then travelled in a slowly enlarging wave over the 

 entire world ; it is even possible that fresh industries had 

 already arisen while this wave was in progress, and that these 

 were similarly propagated, so that after a sufficient interval of 

 time all the various palaeolithic industries might have existed 

 simultaneously in different parts of the earth. 



It may be pointed out in illustration that at the time we were 

 living in an age of iron we found the Fijians and many other 

 races still using implements of polished stone, and the Tas- 

 manians, palaeolithic, or still ruder implements. 



The duration of each of the several epochs may be defined 

 on the one hand by its first appearance, and on the other- by 

 the first appearance of that next succeeding it. Thus with the 

 advent of the Acheulean, the Chellean epoch may be regarded 

 as closed ; nevertheless the Chellean industry may persist after 

 this in some other locality, a fact which may be expressed in the 

 statement that the Chellean industry survived into Acheulean 

 or even later times. Thus the industries overlap the epochs. 



The Chellean fauna. — This will naturally have differed in 

 different parts of the world, and even in Europe geographical 

 provinces may have been defined. According to French 

 observers, the fauna which accompanies the bouchers at Chelles 

 is distinguished by the presence of Elephas antiquns and the 

 absence of the mammoth (E. primigcnius). As an almost in- 

 separable companion of E. antiquns we find also the small- 

 nosed rhinoceros (R. Merckii or leptorhimts), and among other 

 distinctive animals we may mention the hippopotamus. These 

 are all southern forms indicative of a warm climate. 



In Belgium and England the case appears to be different,, 

 since, in addition to the animals just mentioned, the fauna of 

 the succeeding Acheulean stage, in particular the mammoth and 

 the woolly rhinoceros (R. tickorhinus), also occur, their bones 

 lying intermingled. 



In Italy, on the other hand, the fauna of the mammoth is 



