PALEOLITHIC RACES 525 



The orbits are large and round, and rise upwards, encroach- 

 ing on the forehead. 



The nasal aperture is remarkable for its great size, par- 

 ticularly in breadth ; the nasal bones are broad and concave 

 upwards, and the sides of the nose pass backwards into the 

 cheeks without the marked distinction which occurs in recent 

 races. Thus, although the soft parts of the nose have dis- 

 appeared, we may conjecture that this organ was of unusual 

 dimensions; it probably projected in a snout-like fashion of 

 its own, not comparable with anything we know either among 

 men or the man-like apes. 



The distance from the root of the nose to the mouth was 

 greater than in any existing human race. 



In the imaginary restorations which have from time to time 

 been ventured on by painters and sculptors, the face is always 

 represented as prognathous, that is, with projecting jaws. This 

 is simply a bad guess, prompted by a mistaken analogy. We 

 now know, from observations made on the Krapina fragments 

 and the Gibraltar skull, that the face was truly orthognathous, 

 as much so as in many a civilised white man. At the same time, 

 the jaws present some remarkable peculiarities : they are large 

 and parallel-sided ; the lower jaw in particular is heavy and 

 massive and especially distinguished by the absence of a chin. 

 In the existing lower races of mankind the chin is often notably 

 reduced in size, but never completely suppressed The 

 Neandertal race in this respect mark a passage from the higher 

 apes. Further than this, the little bony processes which lie 

 within the angle of the jaw and give attachment to the muscles 

 of the tongue concerned in speech appear to be missing from the 

 Neandertal jaw ; and from this it has been inferred that the 

 power of speech was not fully developed. 



The teeth present as many Simian characters as the jaws ; 

 the incisors are small, the canines very large, and the premolars 

 are very oblique. In ourselves the three grinding teeth, 

 or molars, diminish in size and importance from before back- 

 wards, the third or wisdom tooth being the smallest, and some- 

 times even undeveloped. In the Neandertal race the order 

 of magnitude is reversed, and the wisdom tooth is the largest of 

 the three. 



The brain-pan is consistent with the face : the swollen frontal 

 torus and its accompanying fossa have already been alluded 



