5 23 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



Neandertal man of cannibalism. It is quite possible for hunting 

 tribes to eat their kind under stress of hunger without, however, 

 being addicted to the practice, so that if in this case we have in 

 fact before us the remains of a cannibal feast we cannot infer 

 from it that cannibalism was the universal practice of the age. 



The fauna of this station includes Rhinocerous Merckii, Ursus 

 spelceus, and Bos primigenius. The implements are rough flakes 

 of Mousterian type ; some have been made out of the pebbles of 

 the Krapinica river, and retain a part of their original surface. 

 Some rude implements of bone are said to occur with them, one 

 of which has been spoken of as a bone " axe." 



The discoverer of these relics, Professor Georganovic- 

 Kramberger, regards them as older than the last mountain 

 movements which have affected the district. 



It will be perceived from the summary just given that the 

 evidence is extremely conflicting : the fauna speaks with two 

 voices. Elcphas antiquus points to a Chellean age ; the mammoth 

 to the Acheulean or Mousterian. The industry is open to 

 question. We call it Mousterian ; but in some cases, as at 

 Krapina, it is so rude that we should not be surprised if it 

 proved to be older ; though in that case the absence of bouchers 

 would have to be accounted for. 



The most puzzling fact is the association of the same race of 

 men with two distinct faunas, which are supposed not to be 

 contemporaneous. We have seen, however, that Elcphas antiquus 

 continued to exist in Italy, while the mammoth prevailed in 

 France and Belgium, and it might be suggested that Rhinoceros 

 Merckii lingered on longer in Croatia than in regions more 

 to the north and west on the other side of the Alps. There are 

 convincing arguments, however, against this view. Professor 

 Penck proposes to meet the difficulty by supposing that the 

 Elcphas antiquus fauna, after yielding to the mammoth, once 

 more returned, and extended over Europe during a warm 

 interglacial episode. 



If this were the case, then the suggestion of a Chellean age, 

 which is afforded by the occasional presence of the Elcphas 

 antiquus fauna with Neandertal remains, loses its force ; and if 

 we are to depend on the implements alone we shall be compelled 

 to concede, on admittedly imperfect data, an antiquity no more 

 remote than the Mousterian stage. 



Thus it would seem that the earliest race in Europe of whose 



