PALEOLITHIC RACES 533 



may have borrowed something from adjacent races ; occasional 

 visitors from the outlying islands might easily reach the main- 

 land by canoes. In the lower palaeolithic epoch their ancestral 

 representatives were spread far and wide over Europe, and the 

 corresponding stage of culture was distributed more widely 

 still : now they are confined to an isolated continent in the 

 far south. Hence we may suppose either that the Neandertal 

 race was driven by stress of circumstances out of Europe, and 

 wandered till it reached the Australian region ; or that at some 

 early time it occupied a tract of land continuously extending 

 from Europe to Australia, and has since been everywhere 

 blotted out except in its southern home. We cannot appeal 

 to the widespread distribution of Chellean or other implements 

 in favour of either theory, for, as cannot too frequently be 

 repeated, the possession of a common culture is no proof of 

 community of race. To suppose that is so is to repeat the error 

 of the philologists, who endeavoured to identify races by 

 language. On the other hand, the sporadic occurrence of 

 individuals with Australoid characters in the Pacific, and the 

 existence of related races such as the Veddahs and the Ainos in 

 areas so widely separated as India and Japan, is highly sugges- 

 tive, and would seem to indicate the extension of a primitive 

 race allied to the Australian over a great part of the old 

 world. 



If, as we have supposed, the Tasmanians were driven out of 

 Australia by a lower palaeolithic race, now represented by the 

 Australians, it is evident that the two most divergent sub- 

 divisions of the human family, that is, the Cymentrichi and the 

 Ulotrichi, were already in existence at a very early date ; and 

 we shall soon encounter important evidence pointing to the 

 existence of the Ulotrichi at a later period, that is, during upper 

 palaeolithic times, in Europe itself. 



