108 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



extensive regions, besides some smaller and more doubtful 

 ones. These five are : — 



First, the Cantabrian zone on the north, occupying the 

 territory between the sea and the western prolongation of the 

 Pyrenees, and in some parts, in Navarre, Alava and Riona, 

 extending across the mountains southwards. It includes 

 Asturias, Santander, Guipuzcoa, Viscaya, Alava, and most 

 of Navarre and Galicia, and contains everywhere a con- 

 siderable proportion of brachykephals, which, however, 

 diminishes towards the east, in the Basque provinces and 

 Navarre. The nasal index is narrow in the latter provinces, 

 but tends to breadth further west. 



The second zone corresponds roughly to the valley of 

 the Douro, or to Leon and Old or Upper Castile. The 

 indices are moderately dolichokephalic and leptorrhine, 

 Aranzadi thinks mesorrhine in Leon, but the number of 

 observations is insufficient. 



The third or Oretanian zone, or that, roughly, of New 

 or Lower Castile, occupies the basins of the Tagus and of 

 the Upper Guadiana. Both the kephalic and the nasal 

 indices are distinctly larger in this than in the preceding 

 (Carpeto-Leonese) zone; as Aranzadi puts it, this is a kind 

 of repetition of the Cantabrian, though the tendency to 

 brachykephaly, or the proportion of that element, is not so 

 great. 



Another well-marked region, the Aragono-Valencian, 

 or we may perhaps venture to say the true Iberian, over- 

 spreads most of the eastern part of the peninsula, from the 

 Central Pyrenees almost to the Cabo de Palos and the 

 frontier of Murcia. The kephalic index is narrow, especially 

 in the three provinces of Valencia, and the nasal index is 

 probably very leptorrhine, but this is uncertain, as we here 

 lose the guidance on this point of Aranzadi and Hoyos- 

 Sainz. The central and loftiest part of the Pyrenees forms 

 one of the best-marked anthropological frontiers in Europe, 

 the index of the Aragonese on the south being about jj, 

 and that of the Gascons and Languedocians on the north 

 about 84. But further east the barrier is not so complete, 

 and accordingly the Catalonians differ a little from the 



