106 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



where some relics of the brachykephalic element would 

 survive. 



Examining" now the 48 provinces, he finds that the 

 mean index ranges from 767 in Alicante to 80*9 in Oviedo. 

 This is a much smaller range than occurs among the 

 French departments or the Italian provinces. And the 

 individual variations are also less. Cadiz, Oviedo, Lugo, 

 and in a less degree Leon, Huelva, Alava, Badajoz (!), 

 Cordova, have widish variations, but none over 20 degrees, 

 excepting stragglers. In Oviedo and Lugo only does the 

 centre of the series exceed So. In Alicante it is 76*5, 

 Castellon 76^9, Leon yy, and Soria yj. 



The trustworthiness of these figures, as bases of 

 argument, may be tested to some extent by comparison 

 with those of Aranzadi and Landa for Guipuzcoa and 

 Navarre. In the former case Oloriz's figures are a little 

 the lower. Aranzadi's Basques gave him a mean of 

 79*15 ; Oloriz's Guipuzcoans one of 7875 ; Landa's Na- 

 varrese one of 78*32 ; Oloriz's one of 78 - zj.. These dis- 

 crepancies are not important, but they are probably not 

 merely fortuitous. It has been shown that the index 

 tends to diminish with age. But Aranzadi among the 

 Basques, and Oloriz among the Navarrese, operated on 

 the younger men, so that the disagreements may be partly 

 explained. 



It is difficult to carry out the comparison between the 

 measurements of Oloriz's living heads and Aranzadi and 

 Hoyos-Sainz's skulls, because, as has been already explained, 

 the numbers of the latter, though ample as a sample of the 

 country, are in comparatively few provinces sufficiently 

 numerous to yield a provincial average on which we may 

 confidently rely. For greater security the authors have, in 

 each case, agglomerated the provinces into regions, but these 

 regions are not identically constituted, though there is a rough 

 correspondence ; and the following table must be read with 

 this proviso. In every case I have added the regulation 

 2'o to the cranial measurements of Aranzadi and Hoyos- 

 Sainz, as well as of Oloriz, and it does not seem to be too 

 much. 



