io 4 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



The differences, it will be observed, never attain to 

 unity. Moreover, if each class of rocks is divided among 

 its provinces, internal differences of much greater extent 

 come out in every case ; thus five quaternary districts in 

 the north yield a mean of 76*87 only, while six in the south 

 give one of 79*5 1 . The. proof goes far towards being com- 

 plete ; I could wish, however, that Oloriz had ascertained 

 the relative position of calcareous and of silicious districts. 

 He has candidly stated some apparent exceptions to the 

 rule of the nonconformableness of geological and anthro- 

 pometric phenomena. They are all, I think with him, 

 explicable on hypotheses of race-migration. Thus the 

 isolated oranitic district of Viti^udino, on the frontier of 

 Portugal, is equally isolated by its extremely low index 

 (75*46) from all the seven surrounding districts of the 

 province of Salamanca, which range upwards from 77*48 

 to 79*38. Its people are probably the descendants of a 

 dolichokephalic (Atlantean or Iberian) tribe, who were 

 driven to take refuge in an infertile granitic region by the 

 invasion of the Kelts. 



The next question put is the possible influence of the 

 mountainous or level character of the districts, irrespective 

 of their elevation above the sea, some of the tablelands of 

 the interior being of great elevation. The general result is 

 negative (mountains 78*24, tablelands 78*34) ; but the local 

 differences, explicable by race-migrations and occupations, 

 are notable and interesting. Roughly speaking, the popu- 

 lations of the Asturo-Cantabrian chain and the mountains 

 of Toledo, and the plains of New Castile and Lower 

 Andalusia, tend towards brachykephaly ; while those of the 

 southern and eastern mountains, and the plains of Old 

 Castile, Leon and Aragon, are inclined towards dolicho- 

 kephaly. 



An elaborate inquiry into the difference in this respect 

 between the several hydrographical basins of Spain leads 

 only to the conclusion, by the author, that these local differ- 

 ences are usually greater in proportion to the difficulty of 

 communication and intercourse imposed on the inhabitants 

 of contiguous valleys by the intervening mountain-ranges. 



