PITHECANTHROPUS ERECTUS, ETC. 351 



History repeats itself. 1 When Fulhrott, in 1857, brought 

 forth the Neanderthal calvaria' 2 from the Feldhofer cave, 

 nearly as many speculations arose concerning the nature of 

 the individual to which it belonged as there were anthro- 

 pologists in Europe. 



Fuhlrott, Schaaffhausen, Huxley, Broca, Hamy and 

 Busk regarded it as representative of the men that in- 

 habited Western Europe with the mammoth and woolly 

 rhinoceros ; Virchow decided that it had been subjected to 

 pathological processes, and was therefore unfit for grounds 

 of inference ; Barnard Davis inclined to a similar opinion ; 

 Primer Bey thought that it was part of an idiot's skull ; 

 Turner pointed out that an approximately similar type of 

 calvarise occurred occasionally in modern European skulls ; 

 R. Warner instanced skulls of modern Dutchmen that 



o 



closely resembled the Neanderthal ; Meyer set it down 

 as the skull of a Cossack who had perished in the wars ; 

 and King regarded it as the calvaria of an extinct pithecoid 

 animal. It is unnecessary to cite the sources of these 

 speculations, for the discovery of the Spy crania, 3 in 1886, 



as regards it, and also the femur, arrives at conclusions similar to those of 

 Cunningham and Pettit. He infers from the' figure given by Dubois that 

 the tooth is probably that of an orang. My reasons for regarding the 

 tooth, now, as human are, that its enamel-pattern and the condition of its 

 oblique ridge occur in the wisdom teeth of some negroid races, but not, 

 so far as I have seen, in the teeth of the orang. Dubois' figure is, however, 

 not very clearly delineated. 



1 Kritische Bedenkeii gegen den Pithecanthropus Erect us. Globus, B. 

 lxvii., No. 14, by Dr. Rud. Martin, Docent d. Anthropologic, Zurich. 

 He is of opinion that the Bengawan remains are human, but too frag- 



•mentary to permit inference as to the animal of which they formed part. 

 I am obliged to Professor Cunningham for the opportunity of seeing Dr. 

 Martin's contribution. 



2 Of the very extensive literature called forth by the Neanderthal 

 Find, the contributions which best repay consultations are Schaaffhausen's 

 Der Neanderthal Fund, Bonn, 1888 ; Huxley's Evidence as to Mans 

 Place in Nature, London, 1863 (see also in Lyell's The Antiquity of Alan, 

 4th ed., 1873); Virchow's Untersuchung des Neanderthal Schddels, Zeitschr. 



fur Ethnologie, 1872 ; Turner's Quart. Journ. of Science, vol. i., 1864, pp. 



25°-55 8 - 



8 Fraipont et Lohest, Le Race Humaine de Neanderthal ou de 



Canstadt en Belgique, Gand, 1887, 8% pp. 153, 4 pis. with 21 figs. To 



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