354 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



of the upper jaw and forty of the lower, belonging to 

 the Engis, Naulette, Schipka, Spy, Tilbury and Bengawan 

 finds. The bones of the limbs, none of them complete, 

 would be represented by about eight femora, three tibise, 

 fragments of fibulae, eight humeri, seven parts of forearm 

 bones, and fragmentary parts of clavicles, ribs, vertebrae, hand 

 and foot bones, and a few pieces of scapulae and ilii. These 

 fragments represent altogether little more than a score of 

 the men that flourished in the Quaternary period, and of 

 these fragments only those of the Neanderthal, Spy and 

 Bengawan finds are of value for purposes of reconstruction. 

 Only four individuals to represent the millions and millions 

 of men that must have lived and died in Quaternary times ! 



4. FOSSIL SKULLS AS BRAIN CASES. 



The first and prime function of a skull is to carry the 

 brain, and this office, fossil skulls served but moderately well. 

 The cranial capacities of 100 modern Parisians 1 were found 

 to fluctuate between 11 50 c.c. and 1850 c.c. Turner found 

 that thirty Australian crania, gathered at random during the 

 Challenger Expedition, possessed cranial capacities ranging 

 from 930 c.c. to 15 14 c.c. 2 The cranial capacity of the 

 Bengawan skull is roughly estimated at 1000 c.c. ; the 

 Neanderthal skull at 1230 c.c, by Huxley; 3 1 100 c.c, by 

 Schaaffhausen ; 4 and the Spy crania at about 1300 c.c In 

 thirty orang skulls I have found the cranial capacity to 

 range from 300 c.c. to 530 c.c, and in other anthropoids 

 an equally great variation in brain capacity. We have 

 every reason to believe that the cranial capacities of fossil 

 man showed a variation in brain capacity equal to that of 

 modern man, so that we accept very reservedly the cranial 



1 Topinard, Elements d' Anthropologic Generate, Paris, 1885. 



2 " Report on the Human Crania and other Bones of the Skeleton 

 Collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger;' "Challenger" Re- 

 ports, pt. xxix., 1884 (Crania); pt. xlvii., 1886 (Skeleton). 



3 Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature. 



4 Der Neanderthal Fund, Bonn, 1888, 49 pp., 19 figs. 



