312 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



interest to the zoologist because of its bearing on the problem 

 of fertilisation. (Quart. Jour. Micro. Set. vol. lxi. pt i, 

 191 5). Morgan has conducted a series of experiments and 

 observations on the infertility exhibited by the females of 

 Drosophila ampelophila that have rudimentary wings, and these 

 he places on record with his deductions (American Naturalist, 

 April 191 5). One further contribution is to be noticed, although 

 perhaps not to be considered an advance in the sense of the 

 addition of new facts, and that is the presidential address to the 

 Palseontological Society of America by Osborn. In it he dis- 

 cusses with great lucidity the available facts relating to the 

 origin of single characters, and draws his data from animals 

 and plants both living and fossil — a subject of great interest 

 (American Naturalist, April 191 5). 



ANTHROPOLOGY. By A. G. Thacker, A.R.C.Sc, Public Museum, 

 Gloucester. 



It is now fairly generally known that geology has revealed the 

 existence in the past of four distinct species of creatures who 

 may be styled sub-human, and who bear much the same re- 

 lationship to real man that the gibbons and the orang bear to 

 the chimpanzee. There is now a fifth claimant to that position. 

 The remains of this animal have been found in India, and 

 they are described in great detail by Dr. Guy E. Pilgrim of the 

 Geological Survey of India, in a paper entitled " New Siwalik 

 Primates and their Bearing on the Question of the Evolution 

 of Man and the Anthropoidea " (Records of the Geological 

 Survey of India, vol. 45, pt. 1, 191 5). The discovery is com- 

 parable in importance with that of the famous Heidelberg 

 jaw. Pilgrim has named this new species — which also repre- 

 sents a new genus — Sivapithecus indicus, and the paper men- 

 tioned also contains descriptions of some fossil monkeys and 

 true apes, of which several are new to science. The relics of 

 Sivapithecus were found in the Nagri and Chinji zones of the 

 Lower Siwalik Strata, which correspond to the Middle Miocene 

 of Europe, and the bones discovered are as follows: (1) part 

 of the right side of a mandible containing all the molars and 

 premolars (although the first premolar and the last molar are 

 not perfect), and part of the alveolus of the canine, but with 

 the ascending ramus missing ; (2) an isolated last right 

 lower molar ; (3) a fragment of the left side of a mandible 



