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showing the symphysis and the canine and the roots of two 

 incisors and of the front premolar ; (4) a front left lower 

 premolar ; (5) another isolated lower molar. There are also 

 two more molars and an upper canine which may possibly 

 belong to the same genus. It will be seen that the specimens 

 fortunately supplement one another somewhat, but they were 

 not all found together, and in fact came, as already stated, from 

 two different zones. The author gives a restoration of the 

 entire mandible, but, since the ascending ramus was lost, this 

 is largely imaginary. The chief features of this most important 

 fossil may be briefly summarised. The third molars are very 

 well developed and are longer than the second molars ; this is 

 a distinction from the modern apes, in which the last molars 

 are degenerate, as in man. The premolars are well developed 

 and are not human. A most peculiar conformation is to be 

 seen, however, in the premolar portion of the jaw. The rami 

 bend outwards here, so that the premolars are slightly out of 

 line with the molars and are much outside the canines, the 

 front of the jaw thus being shortened and widened. The 

 author thinks that this curious widening of the jaw is an advance 

 in the human direction. The canine is large and has a pos- 

 terior cusp, resembling the same structure in the gibbon. The 

 symphysis is very short, the backward slope of its posterior 

 surface is very slight, and there is " an entire absence of any 

 shelf." This is in marked contrast to the structure of the 

 famous Piltdown mandible, which created so great a stir in 

 191 3. The Piltdown jaw has a long symphysis, like that of 

 the living apes, and even the Heidelberg jaw has a more exten- 

 sive symphysis than Sivapithecus . The paper ends with a 

 closely reasoned discussion of the evolution of the Hominidae 

 and the Simiidae, and the author claims that Sivapithecus 

 should be placed in the former family rather than in the latter, 

 on the ground that the short symphysis and the widening of the 

 anterior part of the jaw are human features. He thinks that 

 Homo sapiens is probably directly descended from some species 

 of Sivapithecus, though not from S. indicus, and that the line 

 leading to the Piltdown, Heidelberg, and Neandertal species 

 has been quite separate since the early Miocene, the peculiarly 

 human characters of those species being due to convergence. 

 The doctrine of polygeny is thus adopted in a very extreme 

 form. 



