268 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



found. One type, the so-called Grimaldi Race, is nearly related 

 to the Bushmen of South Africa, and another, the Chancelade 

 Race, is certainly identical with, and probably directly ancestral 

 to, the modern Eskimo. Yet another type is the famous Cro- 

 Magnon Race, a splendid people of great stature, who have no 

 very close kindred among living nations. Now the oldest division 

 of the Deutolithic is called the Aurignacian, and both the Cro- 

 Magnon and the Grimaldi Races are found in the Aurignacian 

 strata. It is worth noting that the chief distinction between the 

 Grimaldi people and the modern Bushmen is that the former had 

 considerably larger brains. The Bushmen no doubt give us, 

 however, a fairly correct idea of the kind of life led by the 

 Grimaldi Race, and Sollas describes those interesting South 

 African savages, now almost extinct (it is stated by W. H. Tooke 

 that " the extermination of the Bushmen was for a long time 

 regarded by the Cape Government as a matter of State policy "), 

 in considerable detail, whilst full descriptions are likewise given 

 of the Tasmanians, Australians, and Eskimos. Sollas is not 

 afraid to date the Aurignacian in years. He believes that this 

 age began shortly after the beginning of the recession of the ice 

 of the Fourth Glacial Epoch, and he thinks that recession began 

 17,000 years ago, although he is careful to point out that one 

 factor in this computation is merely a guess. This would place 

 the beginning of the Aurignacian at circa 13,000 B.C. There is 

 considerable cogency in the arguments for Sollas's dating of the 

 Fourth Ice Age, but whether it is correct to assign the Aurig- 

 nacian to this point in the Pleistocene time-table is, I think, more 

 doubtful, Prof. Penck and the late Prof. James Geikie placed 

 the Aurignacian at the end of the Third Interglacial Epoch, and 

 there is much to be said for this latter view. For instance, 

 Penck's scheme accounts satisfactorily for the fact that the fauna 

 of the Magdalenian (the third division of the Deutolithic) indi- 

 cates a decidedly colder climate than that of the Aurignacian, 

 whereas Sollas is obliged to explain this phenomenon by a 

 slight temporary re-advance of the retreating ice. But be this 

 as it may, and whatever be the date of the Aurignacian in years, 

 there is this to be noted about Aurignacian man : he is fully 

 human. He is not intermediate between Homo sapiens and any 

 other species. Not only so, but he is already divided up at this 

 his first appearance into several distinct races. 



Of the four extinct species, three— the Piltdown, Heidelberg, 





