REVIEWS 345 



ARCHAEOLOGY 



An Introduction to Field Archaeology as illustrated by Hampshire. By 



J. P. Williams-Freeman, M.D. [Pp. xxii + 462, with 15 plates and 69 

 other illustrations.] (London : Macmillan & Co., 191 5. Price 15^ net.) 



Archeology is a subject which is often associated with purely indoor work, but 

 those who follow the line adopted by Dr. Williams-Freeman will find in the 

 science an additional inducement to spend a vacation on a walking tour. The 

 author has traversed Hampshire in all directions, and has made himself person- 

 ally and intimately acquainted with the county's antiquities, especially with the 

 ancient earthworks, sepulchral, defensive, and otherwise. In the course of his 

 tours he has collected a considerable amount of new information, and the book 

 is designed to serve the purpose of a text- book to those who desire to contribute 

 something to general archaeology by working out in detail the antiquities of some 

 imperfectly known district. The book is in three parts. The first part gives 

 general information upon this branch of archaeology, the second comprises an 

 itinerary through Hampshire, and the third consists of appendices giving most 

 useful details of a technical character. The description of the influence of the 

 climate and other geographical factors (forest- growth and so forth) upon the lives 

 of our Neolithic and Bronze-Age predecessors is, we think, especially worthy of 

 commendation. Among other points of interest Dr. Williams-Freeman finds that 

 the long barrows of Hampshire do not bear out the idea that these tumuli are 

 regularly disposed east and west. 



Perhaps the least reliable portion of the book is the chapter (in Part I.) dealing 

 with British ethnology. The author appears to us to introduce unnecessary com- 

 plexities into the already complex subject of the intermingling of Iberian, Kelt, 

 and Teuton. He regards the short darkish Welsh as being truly representative 

 of the Brythonic (or later) Kelts, whereas he admits that both the Goidelic 

 (earlier) Kelts, and of course the Teutons, were tall and fair, and that the Iberians 

 were short and dark. It appears very unlikely that there should be such marked 

 physical distinctions between two subdivisions of the Keltic race, and the probable 

 explanation is that the Welsh are mainly Iberian in extraction — are in fact 

 Brythonicised Iberians. Dr. Williams-Freeman is quite satisfied that the small 

 brunet people of the west of Ireland are merely Goidelicised Iberians. He 

 refuses, however, to identify the Bronze-Age Race with the Goidels. 



The book is very interestingly written, and we infer from the amusing dedica- 

 tion that the author is far removed from that objectionable type of scholar who 



talks his " shop " in general company. 



A. G. Thacker. 



ZOOLOGY 



Symbiogenesis. The Universal Law of Progressive Evolution. By H. Rein- 

 heimer. [Pp. xxiv + 425.] (London: Knapp, Drewett & Son, 191 5. 

 Price iar. 6d. net.) 



We cannot bring ourselves to accept the implication of the sub-title of this work, 

 which is fully expanded later (p. xv) into : " I claim the great principle underlying 

 all Creative Life, all Progressive Evolution, to be that of ' Symbiogenesis] i.e. the 

 mutual production and symbiotic utilisation of biological values by the united and 

 correlated efforts of organisms of all descriptions." Nearly all the words in this 

 require definition, but even when used in the sense meant by the author it is 

 still incorrect, in our opinion, to speak of symbiogenesis as the great principle 



