PALAEOLITHIC RACES 29 



Their eyes are dark brown ; the orbit is wide and high. The 

 face is long and orthognathous ; the nose both long and narrow : 

 it is indeed the most leptorhine as yet observed. The head 

 is long, high, and wall-sided, with a pent-roof-like summit. 

 The cranial capacity is great ; according to Duckworth, 1,550 cc. r 

 thus surpassing some of the most civilised peoples of Europe. 1 



The Indians, who succeed the Eskimo tow T ards the interior, 

 occupy a broad belt of wood and tundra stretching right across 

 the continent ; they are divided into two great races — the 

 Algonkian on the east and the Athapascan on the west. In 

 mode of life there is a considerable amount of resemblance 

 between the Eskimo and these northern Indians ; and some 

 of the Algonkians possess very similar bodily characters, except 

 as regards stature, the Algonkians being a tall people. They 

 are also less dolichocephalic, though towards the east they 

 make a close approach to the Eskimo in this respect. 2 



The other animals which inhabit the tundra and the pine 

 w r oods are the fox, wolf, bear, and marten ; squirrels, hare, 

 beaver, and beaver-rat ; the bison, which is restricted to the 

 tundra, and never enters the woods ; the mountain sheep, 

 which is found in the Rocky Mountains, the elk or moose 

 and the reindeer. There are also abundant water-fowl, and 

 the waters swarm with fish, especially salmon, sturgeon, pike, 

 and the white fish {Coregonus albus). The last named, much 

 esteemed for its fine flavour, contributes largely to the sustenance 

 of the Indians during the winter ; it is the chief food of the 

 Ojibways (Algonkian), who call it the " reindeer of the water." 



1 Brierly, however, from an examination of seventeen skulls found in Green- 

 land, obtained an average of only 1,357 cc. J. Brierly, Journ. Anthr. Inst. 1906, 

 vol. xxxvi. p. 120. 



- The taxonomic position of the American races may be indicated by the 

 following attempt at classification. The Leiotrichi include two groups, one 

 characterised by finer and the other by coarser hair (Deniker, " Essai d'une 

 Classification des Races Humaines," Bull. Soc. d ) Anthr., 1889). We will dis- 

 tinguish them as the Leptocomae and the Pachycomas. The Pachycomaa may 

 be subdivided into the Mongoloids, with a small and depressed nose, and the 

 Americans, with a large and salient nose. The Americans then fall into the 

 following groups : 



Dolichocephalic ; long face ; short stature . . Eskimo 

 Mesaticocephalic ; „ ,, . . Fuegian, Botocado 



Brachycephalic ; nose aquiline; tall or medium height Redskins (the Eastern Algon- 

 kians are dolichocephalic) 

 „ nose straight ( tall . . . Patagonian- 



or upturned 1 short . . . South American Indians. 



