378 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



It will be seen that the industries have all moved one step 

 upwards, and the Palaeolithic epoch as a whole is thus brought 

 nearer to our own times. The correlation is based on a variety 

 of evidence which we can only briefly pass in review. 



Great weight is attached by Penck to the geographical 

 distribution of the implements in France. The Magdalenian, 

 Solutrean, and Mousterian are all abundantly represented out- 

 side the region which was covered by the ice of the ancient 

 glaciers ; the Magdalenian also extends into this region, crossing 

 the moraine of the third (III) glacial episode, and even in some 

 cases of the fourth (IV), which lies within the third moraine. 

 Hence the Magdalenian is certainly more recent than the third, 

 and than the fourth also, except in so far as it may be contem- 

 poraneous with the fourth. The occurrence of an arcto-alpine 

 fauna (reindeer, musk-ox, etc.) in association with the Magdalenian 

 industry seems to point to contemporaneity, but that the Magda- 

 lenian is on the whole post-glacial is one of the very few facts 

 upon which all archaeologists seem now to be agreed. As regards 

 the Mousterian the case is said to be very different ; according 

 to Penck, not a single Mousterian station is known in the 

 neighbourhood of the moraines of either the third or fourth 

 glacial age. The Mousterian avoids the glaciated region 

 altogether. Hence this industry is certainly older than the 

 fourth (IV) glacial episode, and either older than the third 

 or contemporaneous with it ; in this case also contemporaneity 

 is inferred from the nature of the fauna. As we shall see later, 

 this conclusion is not final. 



The Loss. — Under this term more than one deposit is included, 

 and they are not all of the same age. Penck recognises a dis- 

 tinction into a younger and an older loss ; neither is ever found 

 resting upon the moraines of the last glacial episode ; indeed, 

 when the loss comes in contact with these moraines it sinks 

 beneath them. Thus the loss as a whole is certainly older than 

 the last glaciation, and the younger loss probably belongs to the 

 last interglacial episode. But it is within the younger loss that 

 numerous stations, which have been assigned on good grounds 

 to the Solutrean, have been found. In a terrace of loss on the 

 Danube is the famous station of Krems, which has afforded 

 more than 25,000 implements of jasper, chalcedony, and chert. 

 They lie in layers within the loss, associated with the charcoal 

 left by numerous fires, and with a rich herbivorous fauna. No 



