PALEOLITHIC RACES 381 



plete exclusion of stations where implements are at all common, 

 and further that bouchers of Acheulean form might have been 

 used by the later and even Neolithic races. 



The puzzles presented by the Mousterian industry are very 

 embarrassing. It is said to be associated generally with the 

 arcto-alpine fauna, and according to M. Boule it lies within 

 the moraines of the third (III) glacial episode and outside those 

 of the fourth (IV). Hence the position assigned to it in his 

 scheme. Unfortunately, however, the rule as to the fauna is 

 so often broken by exceptions that its value as evidence 

 is greatly impaired ; in the caves of Grimaldi, for instance, a 

 Mousterian industry is found in company with a Chellean or 

 warm fauna. Penck welcomes such facts as supporting his 

 views ; according to him the warm fauna of the Chellean stage 

 marks not so much a particular epoch in time as a particular set 

 of conditions — those, namely, of a genial or interglacial episode ; 

 they might therefore be expected to recur, provided the inter- 

 vals between the episodes are not of excessive duration. The 

 same of course is true, mutatis mutandis, of the arcto-alpine 

 fauna. 



This theory of recurrence is strongly opposed by Prof. 

 Boule, who asserts that in France, where the Pleistocene 

 mammals are richly represented by fossils in thousands of 

 localities, the succession is always, and without exception, the 

 same — first Pliocene, then the warm, and afterwards the cold 

 Pleistocene fauna, and finally the fauna characterised by the 

 reindeer. 



The caverns of Wildkirchli, situated on the Santis at a 

 height of 1599 metres above the sea, and in the midst of 

 the glaciated region, have lately been investigated by Herr 

 Bachler 1 : they contain Mousterian implements, and according 

 to Prof. Boule the customary cold fauna ; this statement is 

 contested by Prof. Penck, however, who asserts that the cold 

 fauna is absent ; at such a station the mammoth and woolly 

 rhinoceros are scarcely to be expected, but the reindeer also 

 is unrepresented, and of the twelve species which have been 

 recognised at Wildkirchli, seven are known from the lower 

 interglacial horizon of the Prince's caves at Mentone, where 

 they occur in company with Elephas antiquus and Rhinoceros 



1 L. Bachler, "Die prahistorische Kulturstatte in der Wildkirchli-Ebenalphole": 

 Verh. d. Schiv. Naturforsch. Gesells. in St. Gallen, 1906. 



