PALEOLITHIC RACES 387 



Younger loss . . 574 metres (over 18 feet). 

 Older ,, . . 5-18 „ (about 17 „ ). 



Mauer sands . .15-62 „ ( ,, 50 „ ). 



The fauna associated with it includes the characteristic Chel- 

 lean species Elephas antiquus ; the accompanying rhinoceros 

 however is not, as we might have expected, R. Mercki, but 

 R. etruscus, a species found elsewhere in the Upper Pliocene, as 

 in the Val d'Arno, Italy, the Forest bed at Cromer, and the 

 Siwalik hills of India. Two species of bears are represented 

 {Ursus arvernensts, Croizet, and U. Deningeri, Reichenau), the 

 lion (Fclis leo var. speled), a species not distinct from the existing 

 African lion, which survived up to historic times in Southern 

 Europe, a dog {Canis Neschersensis, Croizet), which is almost 

 identical with the existing wolf of the Pyrenees, a boar (Sus 

 scrofa, cf. prised), several deer (Cervus latifrons, C. elaplws, var. 

 C. capreolus), a bison, the beaver {Castor fiber), and the horse. 

 The horse is represented by a number of teeth, which are said 

 not to be identical with those of the existing species {Equus 

 caballus), but intermediate between it and the Pliocene Equus 

 Stenonis. 



Some of the species of this fauna suggest an Upper Pleisto- 

 cene horizon, but Elephas antiquus would seem to take us back 

 at least to the Chellean, and Ursus arvernensts and Rhinoceros 

 etruscus to a still earlier date. A general discussion of the 

 question leads M. Rutot to conclude that the jaw may be 

 assigned to his Mafflian stage or the Lower Chellean of 

 Dr. Obermaier. 1 



Let us now turn to the jaw itself. It presents a combination 

 of characters which are truly remarkable. The dentition is 

 completely human, the teeth forming a close, regular series 

 uninterrupted by a diastema, with the crowns, so far as we can 

 judge from their worn condition, all rising to a common level ; 

 the canines are no more projecting than the other teeth; and 

 we may add, as an equally important fact, that the incisors are 

 of a comparatively small size, no larger than the average of 

 existing men. In the Anthropoid apes these teeth are dis- 

 tinguished by their relatively large dimensions. The dentition 

 is in some respects less simian than that which may be sometimes 



1 A. Rutot, " Note sur la Machoire humaine de Mauer," Bull. Soc. de Ge'ologie 

 Beige, 1909, t. 22, pp. 117-69, in particular p. 129. 



