PALEOLITHIC RACES 389 



the upper portion corresponding to the lingual basin can 

 generally be distinguished from the remainder, either by its 

 gentler inclination or by presenting a concave instead of a 

 convex outline in profile. In regard to this character also 

 the Heidelberg jaw occupies an intermediate position, a some- 

 what sudden increase in inclination marking the termination 

 of the lingual region. The interval between the higher races 

 and the Heidelberg jaw in respect to this character is filled, 

 however, by an almost infinite series of gradations. 



A second important peculiarity is presented by the lower 

 part of the inner surface, about two-thirds of the way down. 

 In this region two pairs of muscles are attached, the genio- 

 glossal above and the genio-hyoid below ; each muscle of the 

 pair is symmetrically placed on each side of the middle line 

 and close to it ; in some cases the place of attachment is 

 marked by a roughened oval area, but usually, in modern 

 races, a spine {spina mentalis interna), or spines, is developed 

 as the most conspicuous part of the connection. Great import- 

 ance was given to this spine by de Mortillet, who regarded it 

 as essential to speech, a view which, though it has been refuted 

 by Topinard, frequently recurs in the works of later writers. 



In the apes this spine is absent, and in its place we find 

 a depression or pit. This simian character is now admitted, 

 after much controversy, to occur in several primitive lower 

 jaws of ancient date, but in none of them is it so conspicuous 

 as in the Heidelberg example. 



Thus we perceive that in all the characters which distinguish 

 the anterior extremity of the lower jaw, Homo Heidclbergensis 

 stands midway between man and the anthropoid apes. 



In its robustness and general characters this jaw is equally 

 primitive. The extraordinary breadth of the ascending ramus 

 is a remarkable feature implying great muscular development 

 and a large zygomatic arch. 



We now pass to the next important discovery, that of a 

 well-preserved example of the Neandertal type of skull. This 

 was found on August 3, 1907, at La Chapelle aux Saints 

 (Correze) by Messrs. Boyssonie and Bardon ; a preliminary 

 description has been published by Prof. M. Boule. 1 The 

 remains are those of an individual who had actually been 



1 M. Boule, " L'Homme fossile de la Chapelle aux Saints, Correze," 

 D Anthropologic, 1908, torn. 19, pp. 519-25. 



