Ch. VII] PHOTOGRAPHING WITH THE MICROSCOPE 215 



of those who believed in the ultimate success of photo-micrography, 

 that now the ordinary achromatic objectives with panchromatic or 

 . isochromatic plates and a color screen give good results, while the 

 apochromatic objectives with projection oculars give excellent results, 

 even in hands not especially skilled. The problem of illumination, 

 has also been solved by the construction of achromatic and apo- 

 chromatic condensers and by the electric and other powerful lights now 

 available. There still remains the difficulty of transmitted light and 

 of so preparing the object that structural details stand out with suffi- 

 cient clearness to make a picture which approaches in definiteness 

 the drawing of a skilled artist. 



The writer would advise all who wish to undertake photo-microg- 

 raphy seriously to study samples of the best Avork that has been 

 produced. Among those who showed the possibilities of photo-micro- 

 graphs was Col. Woodward of the U. S. Army Medical Museum. The 

 photo-micrographs made by him and exhibited at the Centennial 

 Celebration at Philadelphia in 1876 serve still as models, and no 

 one could do better than to study them and try to equal them in 

 clearness and general excellence. According to the writer's observa- 

 tion no photo-micrographs of histologic objects have ever exceeded 

 those made by Woodward, and most of them are vastly inferior. It 

 is gratifying to state, however, that at the present time many original 

 papers are partly or wholly illustrated by photo-micrographs, and no 

 country has produced works with photo-micrographic illustrations 

 superior to those in "Wilson's Atlas of Fertilization and Karyo- 

 kinesis'' and "Starr's Atlas of Nerve Cells," issued by the Columbia 

 University Press. 



Most excellent photo-micrographs appear at frequent intervals in 

 all the great biological journals. These should be studied by the 

 young photographer ambitious to equal and then to excel the best. 



§ 338a. Considerable confusion exists as to the proper nomenclature of 

 photography with the microscope. On the Continent the term micro-photog- 

 raphy (micro-photographie) is very common, while in English photo-microg- 

 raphy and micro-photography mean different things. Thus: A photo-micrograph 

 is a photograph of a small or microscopic object usually made with a micro- 

 scope and of sufficient size for observation with the unaided eye; while a micro- 

 photograph is a small or microscopic photograph of an object, usually a large 

 object, like a man or woman, and is designed to be looked at with a microscope. 



