132 K. S. LASHLEY AND JOHN B. WATSON. 



vations are hard to obtain, we have decided to present the 

 work as it stands. 



The most complete as well as the earliest published observa- 

 tions upon the young of this species are those of Cuvier. The 

 original publication has not been available but Brehm quotes 

 from it in full, and for purposes of comparison it has seemed 

 best to repeat his quotation here. 5 



"Immediately after birth the young Bunder (M. rhesus) clasped himself to 

 his mother's breast, holding to her hair with all four hands and seizing her nipple 

 in his mouth. For fourteen days he did not leave his mother's breast. He re- 

 mained, always in the same position, always ready to suckle; sleeping when the 

 adult sits down, yet clinging fast to her even in sleep. He released one nipple only 

 when he wished to grasp the other, and so the first days of his life passed without 

 his having made a single movement except those of the lips, to suck, and of the 

 eyes, to look about. Like all apes he was born with open eyes, and it seems that 

 from ;he first moment he was able to distinguish his surroundings, for he followed 

 every movement about him with his eyes. 



It is impossible to describe the care which the mother took for everything which 

 concerned the feeding and the safety of her newborn. She appeared always intel- 

 ligent, and so cautious as to compel admiration. The slightest noise, the least 

 movement aroused her to watchfulness and to anxiety for her young one, not for 

 herself, for she was accustomed to men, and had become quite tame. All her move- 

 ments were pei formed with the greatest dexterity, yet never so that the suckling 

 could have come to any harm. The weight of her young one seemed in no way 

 to hinder her movements, and no difference in her dexterity or activity was notice- 

 able. But indeed it was apparent that she took great care not to strike her baby 

 against anything. After about fourteen days he began to leave his mother and 

 showed, even in his first steps, a dexterity and strength, the more astonishing 

 since neither practice nor experience could account for it. The young Bunder, 

 from quite the beginning of his active life, climbed the upright wire grating of 

 his cage and scrambled up and down at will; he made also a few steps on the straw, 

 sprang voluntarily from the height of his cage, alighting upon all four hands, then 

 against the grating, up which he climbed with the ease and rapidity which had 

 been noted in the adult. The mother followed every movement of her child with 

 the greatest anxiety and seemed always ready to ward off any harm from her 

 loved one. Later she sought, from time to time, to relieve herself of the burden, 

 but remained always watchful, and at the slightest sign of danger snatched him up 

 immediately. The slightest touch of her hand was also a signal to her ready pupil 

 to return, and he would instantly take his accustomed position on his mother's 

 breast. The leaping and play of the little animal became more perfect as his 

 strength increased. I have often observed his merry gymnastics with the greatest 

 delight and can attest that I have never seen him make a false movement, or fail 

 to take measure of and reach the point for which he aimed. The little ape gave 

 me certain evidence that he could estimate distance and control the requisite degree 

 of strength for each of his leaps. From the first moment he knew his natural move- 

 ments and how to accomplish by them w T hat another animal, even though pos- 

 sessing the intelligence of a man, could have done only after countless trials and 

 long continued practice. Here, indeed, one may ask: What can Ave say in expla- 

 nation of the actions of animals? 



After about six weeks a stronger nourishment than milk was necessary *o the 

 little ape, and here appeared a new phenomenon. Both animals showed a different 

 aspect of their mental processes. The mother whom we saw before occupied with 

 the most loving care for her offspring, who carried him constantly hanging to her 

 body and breast, and of whom one would believe that, driven by maternal love, 



6 Brehm, A. E. Thierleben, 1887. 



