BEHAVIOR OF VERTEBRATES 451 



setter seven years old, and found, first, that his vocabulary 



consisted of just three sounds: one vowel, of a value lying 



between o and U; one guttuial-aspirant like the German ch; 



and one nasal, lying between n and ng. A sound made by the 



dog, expressed by ch-u-ng-no, is easily inteipreted by suggestible 



hearers as "Hunger." They also discovered that he always 



responded, with the various combinations of these sounds that 



he used, in the same order, beginning with "Dow" and ending 



with "Rune" no matter in what order the questions were put 



to him, so that he might desire "Hunger" be called " Kuchen" 



and so on. 



Doctor Pfungst concludes that the speech of Don is to be 



regarded properly as the reproduction of vocal sounds which 



produce illusions in the uncritical hearer, who makes no effort 



to distinguish between perception and imagination and ignores 



the role played by imagination. Johnson adds that, "we may 



expect animal lovers to continue to read their own mental 



processes into the behavior of their pets," and "scientists of 



a certain class to continue * * * to proclaim * * * that 



they have * * * demonstrated the presence in lower animals 



of intelligent imitation and other extremely complicated mental 



processes." 



CUTANEOUS SENSITIVITY 



Amphibia. Babak (i) has devised a very sensitive method of 

 studying the sensitivity of the frog to various stimuli. He has 

 found that the breathing rhythm of a fiog with the fore-brain 

 removed proceeds with machine-like regularity, interrupted only 

 when the animal is stimulated and resumed shortly after the 

 stimulating agent is removed. In the maimed frog lung venti- 

 lation also occurs only after stimulation. In his first paper 

 upon the sensitivity of the frog, the second of a series of studies 

 upon the breathing rhythm, the author takes up the sensitivity 

 of the animal to temperature as determined by changes in the 

 breathing rate. The animals used were completely recovered 

 from the shock lesulting from operation upon the brain. The 

 temperature stimuli were applied by means of a theimaesthe- 

 siometer held at a distance of one mm. from the animal's skin. 

 The actual temperature changes in the skin could be judged 

 only approximately. During experimentation great care was 

 required to avoid auditory and tactile stimuli, etc. 



