404 C. H. TURNER 



or autogamous. Wind-fertilized flowers are small and usually 

 greenish. The rose-colored flowers ol Gerardia purpurea and 

 flowers of the same species from which the corollas had been 

 removed were placed near a bee-hive, but separated by a tumbler 

 of water. Honey was placed in both. At first the bees collected 

 from the perfect flower and neglected those from which the 

 corollas had been removed. Bees were trained to collect from 

 an unpainted board which was well supplied with honey. A 

 blue slide, well supplied with honey, was placed on the ground 

 three feet from the board. Honey was placed on a dandelion 

 leaf which was growing three feet from the board and five from 

 the blue slide. As soon as all of the honey had been removed 

 from the board the bees began circling about it in widening 

 cuives. In twenty-five minutes five bees had begun to collect 

 from the blue slide, but none had visited the dandelion leaf. 

 Alongside of the dandelion leaf was placed an apple leaf that 

 had been well supplied with honey. At the end of foi ty minutes 

 one bee found the apple leaf. Bees were trained to collect from 

 a board of the type used in the above experiment. Thiee feet 

 from the middle of the board and foiming an equilateral triangle 

 with that point were two posts four and a half feet high. On 

 the top of one post the investigator placed so much honey that 

 it ran down the sides ; on the top ot the other he placed a scent- 

 less yellow Helichrysum bractealum five inches in diameter. 

 Thiee minutes after all of the honey had been removed from 

 the board, thiee bees and one fly were on the flowers, but none 

 was on the pole. The poles were now interchanged and a Heli- 

 chrysum bractealum only' one inch in diameter was placed on 

 the pole that had contained no flowers. Notwithstanding its 

 changed position, the large and more conspicuous object re- 

 ceived the greater number oi visits. Bees were again trained 

 to teed from a board of the type mentioned above. On the 

 ground, nine feet from the board. Lovell placed a blossom of 

 Helichrysum bractealum containing honey. At the same dis- 

 tance on the opposite side of ,the board, he placed a led Astra- 

 chan apple leaf upon which he had put some honey. Several 

 bees collected honey from the flower ; but none visited the apple 

 leaf. The observations recorded in the beginning of this para- 

 graph and a series of experiments, of which the three just de- 

 scribed are types, induced Lovell to form the following conclu- 



