BEHAVIOR OF SPIDERS AND OTHER INSECTS 405 



sions: (i) Green flowers are not well adapted to entomophily. 

 (2) As a rule they retain the power of self-fertilization. (3) The 

 few insects that sparingly visit them usually belong to the less 

 specialized families. (4) The fact that bees have been observed 

 feeding on over-ripe or on decayed fruit, or on the glandular 

 secretions of the vegetative organs of plants, or on the secre- 

 tions of aphidae, or on greenish or brownish flowers, or on dull- 

 colored receptacles which have contained sugar or sweet liquids, 

 affords no evidence that conspicuousness is not an advantage 

 to entomophilous flowers. (5) Any surface, whether bright or 

 dull, on which there is nectar or honey will be visited by bees 

 for stores after these liquids have once been discovered, but 

 they will not be discovered as quickly on a surface which does 

 not contrast in hue with its environment as on one which does. 

 (6) When, under similar conditions, bees are given a choice 

 between a conspicuous and an inconspicuous object they exhibit 

 a preference for the former. This preference is sufficiently 

 marked to account foi the development of the color contrast 

 in flowers. (7) As pointed out by Knuth, in the absence of 

 control or comparative observations, the experiments and obser- 

 vations of Plateau on green or greenish flowers are fallacious 

 and do not prove that "All floweis might be as green as their 

 leaves without their pollination being compromised." 



2. Auditory. Regan (76) has conducted a series of experi- 

 ments to test the auditory powers of Ltogrylus campestris. 



EMOTIONS 



Stubbs (94) discusses fear in insects. 



Wodsedalek (108) arranged a large number of small aquaria, 

 each containing a single nymph of the may-fly Heptagenia 

 inter punctata Say, in different parts of the same room. Six of 

 these specimens were roughly handled three times a day; three 

 were disturbed once daily ; three, once in three days ; and six, 

 not at all. The specimens that had been roughly handled three 

 times a day made agitated movements whenever the hand of 

 the investigator was passed over the water, and, in some cases, 

 as soon as he approached the aquarium. , Such behavior was 

 almost never exhibited by nymphs that had been handled only 

 once a day or less. It seems that the investigator is justified in 

 concluding that these are fear reactions. ' These results seem 



