406 C. H. TURNER 



to show that the nymphs formed few, if any, associations with 

 pain resulting from a single daily disturbance. * * * In the 

 forms disturbed several times a day, however, even after mak- 

 ing liberal allowance for accidental movements, there icmains 

 abundant evidence that the nymphs learned to associate my 

 presence with discomfort." 



MATING INSTINCTS 



S. B. Oliver (67) reports some abnormal matings of insects ; 

 S. B. Doten (24) discusses the relation of food to the reproduc- 

 tive activities and the longevity of certain hymenopterous para- 

 sites, and C. H. Turner (99) gives a photograph of the copula- 

 tion of Ammophila abbreviata. 



Robert Matheson and C. R. Crosby (58) observed, on three 

 different occasions, Caraphractus ductus Walker copulating 

 beneath the surface of the water. 



In a paper containing some valuable data on the longevity of 

 saturnid moths, Phil and Nellie Rau (75) state that mating 

 has no effect on the duration of life of the male Cecropia moth; 

 but that, in six different lots, the unmated females lived longer 

 than those that succeeded in mating. 



According to Wodsedalek (109), on the day of emerging., the 

 female of the museum pest Trogodermu tarsale Melsh avoids the 

 male. On the following day she is submissive. At that time the 

 male caresses the abdomen of the female with his antennae and 

 then suddenly turns and brings the tip of his abdomen in con- 

 tact with hers. These insects are both pclyandrous and polyg- 

 amous. 



During the year two im-estigators, F. A. McDermott (54, 55) 

 and S. O. Mast (57). working independently, have decided that 

 the photogenic function of fireflies is a mating adaptation. Both 

 of McDermott 's papers are corrections of and additions to a 

 former paper;* Mast's paper discusses in detail the mating of 

 Photinus pyralis. The following paragraph contains an epitome 

 of Mast's paper. 



Late in the afternoon, but while it is yet light enough to see, 

 both sexes of the fireflies emerge from their subterranean crev- 

 ices. The females climb blades of grass, or other uprights, and 



* McDermott, F. N. A Note on Light -Emission of Some American Lampyridae. 

 Canad. Entom., 1910, vol. 40, pp. 357-363. 



