BEHAVIOR OF SPIDERS AND OTHER INSECTS 411 



rods, in forceps, or even upon the fingers. Belt writes: "A 

 specimen 01 Polistes camifex was hunting for caterpillars in 

 my garden. I found one about an inch long and held it up 

 towards it on the point of a stick. It seized it immediately, and 

 commenced biting it from head to tail, soon reducing the soft 

 body to a mass of pulp. It rolled up half of it into a ball and 

 prepared to carry it off." Turner observed that the behavior 

 of Polistes pallipes is quite unlike this. " Lepidopterous laivae 

 captured for food are not stung. Grasping the caterpillar with 

 her fore feet, the wasp rotates it on its longitudinal axis and 

 gradually elevates it while she malaxates its posterior end until 

 her jaws aie filled with a ball of pulpy matter. The remainder 

 ot the insect is dropped." 



Cioft (23) observed a notodontid attacked by a wasp, and 

 E. O. Essig (25) has discussed several natural enemies of the 

 citrus plant louse. 



To test the protective value of vapors emitted by certain bugs, 

 Girault (34) performed a number of experiments. Certain bugs 

 were confined to homoepathic vials for from three to twenty- 

 four houis. They were then removed and some insect corked 

 up in each vial. Control insects of the same species were placed 

 in clean vials. Ants, beetles, plant lice, etc., were tested in this 

 mannei. The odors of certain bugs had no effect on the species 

 studied; but the odor of others caused stupefaction, convul- 

 sions and, in some cases, death. Girault does not claim that 

 these experiments settle the piotective value of these odors; 

 but that they demonstrate that the vapors emitted by certain 

 bugs are highly noxious to various forms of insect life. 



SOUND PRODUCING ACTIVITIES 



Butler (12) describes the stridulation of some British bugs. 



Recently two investigators, Omensetter and Stephan, have 

 produced papers on the speech of insects. Omensetter's paper 

 (68), which seems to be a compilation, describes the sounds 

 produced by many insects belonging to the Lepidoptera, Orth- 

 optera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, and Neuroptera. He writes: 

 "That pleasure or pain makes a difference in the tones of vocal 

 insects is not improbable, but the organs of hearing are not 

 fine enough to catch all their different modulations." 



In his papers Stephan (91, 92) confines himself to the Lepi- 



