412 C. H. TURNER 



dopteia. Aeronia produces sound by striking one wing against 

 the other. Cozistra mcmbranacea pioduces sound by means of 

 its wings. Parnassius a polio L. produces tones by rubbing the 

 tibia against the hind wings. The male Thecophora fovea Tr., 

 when flying, makes sounds by means of an uncovered small 

 cavity in the middle ot the hind wing. Nyctipo hieroglyphia 

 Dr., Anisoneura sphingoides Fid., and Potamorpha manilia Cr. 

 produce sounds by rubbing the narrow concavity of the tore- 

 wing over an enlarged structure on the hind wing. The male 

 Lymantria monacha L. makes a noise so loud that it can be 

 heard, when held at arms' length, in a closed fist. In stressing 

 the mode of sound production used by the death's head moth, 

 he leminds us that, in 1737, Reaumer claimed that the sound 

 was produced by rubbing the proboscis upon the inner edge 

 of the base ot the palpi; that, in 1867, Landois stated that it 

 was produced by lubbing the inner suiface ot the palpi upon 

 the proboscis; that Wagner, in 1838, and Landois, in 1875, 

 claimed that in fiont of the stomach there is a bladder which 

 usually is filled w 7 ith air, and that the expulsion of this air across 

 the proboscis causes the tones. This explanation is supported 

 by the tact that compression of the dead body of a death's 

 head moth that has not become rigid will produce the sound. 

 Stephan seems to suppoit this last interpretation. Several wit- 

 nesses should be sufficient to establish this matter ; but, to a 

 student of insect behavior, this method of sound production is 

 certainly unique ; for he has come to believe that the strident 

 sounds of insects are always instrumental and never vocal. 



LETISIMULATION* 



C. F. Riley (79) states that many of the dragon-fly nymphs 

 studied by him letisimulated. 



Wodsedalek (109) discoveied that the larvae of the museum 

 pest Trogoderma tar sale Melsh letisimulates when distuibed. 

 The feint usually lasts from a few seconds to half a minute. 

 The adults, when disturbed, feign death for a much longer 

 time ; among them the average is thirty seconds, but it may 

 continue for fifteen minutes. 



* This word, which has not yet come into common use, was first used by Weir, 

 in 1899, in his book on " Dawn of Reason," page 202, to designate the death- 

 feigning behavior of animals. Now that stress is being placed on animal behavior, 

 it seems to me that the term should be revived. 



