418 C. H. TURNER 



and the credit goes to T. E. Snyder (90). It was found deep 

 in the ground. 



Mace (56) has conducted experiments to test the influence of 

 weather upon the honey bee. The hive was weighed from day 

 to day and the results compared with the weather conditions. 

 He arrived at the following conclusions: (1) high winds cause 

 great loss among the colonies; (2) during the honey flow in 

 the early part of the season, weak colonies should have their 

 brood space contracted so as to conserve all of the heat pos- 

 sible; (3) as soon as the brood combs are well covered with 

 bees and the weather is fine, the supers should be put on and 

 covered up warmly. 



Cannibalism. According to Weiss (106), Lixus concavits, the 

 rhubarb cuculio, lays a great many eggs in the stem of Rmnex 

 crispus and most of these hatch; yet. except where more than 

 one stem is attached to the same root, not more than one larva 

 is ever found in a root. The cannibalistic habits of the larva 

 explain this. As soon as a larva hatches it eats out a little 

 chamber above the egg cavity and then proceeds to mine an 

 irregular passageway to the root. Any eggs encountered on the 

 way are devoured. In the root it excavates a cavity and con- 

 tinues to feed until full grown. Any belated larva that arrives 

 at the roots is devoured by the cannibal domiciled there. 



C. F. Riley (79) reports that dragon-fly nymphs are can- 

 nibals. 



By restricting them to a honey diet for a few days, Turner 

 (98) caused a small colony of Polistes pallipes to display can- 

 nibalistic habits. "Bit by bit, they removed the cap from a 

 pupal cell, decapitated the inmate and ate the contents of its 

 thorax." 



Ecology. Shelford (85), as a result of field studies extending over 

 several years, concludes that the land animal life of a place is 

 largely determined by the kind of vegetation growing there. 

 Following Cowles' lead, he recognizes the following stages in 

 the evolution of a wood: (1) the cottonwood stage; (2) a 

 transition between the cottonwood stage and the pine stage; 

 (3) the pine stage; (4) transition between the pine stage and 

 the oak stage, or mixed pines and oaks together with open 

 spaces in the oak area; (5) the black oak stage ;j (6) the red 



