156 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



vitation in 1855 to occupy the Chair of Zoology and 

 Physiology in the so-called " Josephinum," which was a 

 school for military surgeons, but which was afterwards 

 abolished. There he remained for ten years, until towards 

 the end of 1864 he was called to Leipzig, to which city he 

 migrated in 1865 to become the successor of Ernst 

 Heinrich Weber. At Leipzig Ludwig remained until his 

 death. Here also for the first time he had an opportunity 

 of building a new Institute of Physiology after his own 

 plan, and here, during three decades, his extraordinary 

 activity and his genius manifested themselves, so that 

 soon his fame as an original investigator and teacher be- 

 came known throughout the scientific world. The " Physio- 

 logische Anstalt " in the then Waisenhaus Strasse (now 

 Liebig Strasse) became and remained for three decades 

 perhaps the greatest centre of physiological activity in the 

 world. Thither there Mocked from all lands medical men 

 who had already completed their curriculum, to study and 

 prosecute research under this distinguished master. The 

 " Anstalt ' : or " Institut " was constructed in the form of 

 a larore Roman E. From the centre of the vertical bar 

 there projected the Lecture Theatre, so that all the rooms 

 were thus well lighted. It consisted of three storeys. In 

 the uppermost lived the professor and his family, and 

 his faithful friend and mechanic Salvenmoser ; in the 

 lowest were the rooms for the laboratory servant, and 

 numerous apartments for the gas-motor and other 

 apparatus, and for animals, while the middle storey was 

 the true workshop, and contained rooms for histological, 

 chemical and experimental physiology. 



When one talks of Ludwig's '' pupils " one means more 

 than the ordinary student of medicine who attended his 

 lectures. What one means is this, viz., that Ludwig not only 

 taught medical students, but his pupils, or rather "young- 

 friends " as he called them, were medical men who, attracted 

 by his fame as a teacher, came to his laboratory to pursue 

 under his direction original research. In the laboratory 

 during the session there might be ten to fourteen pupils, 

 each pursuing an independent theme under his guidance. 



