326 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



in his lectures in a manner quite different to that usual 

 with many lecturers on natural science. He contented 

 himself with drawing a simple logically-constructed sketch 

 of the known facts. He who in some of his publications 

 and in private conversation betrayed a charmingly artistic 

 imagination, and sometimes an almost mystic foresight, 

 showed in his lectures almost bald conciseness, and a 

 pitiless logic. A great number of ideas, to which some 

 teachers attach deep meaning, he ruthlessly treated as mere 

 definitions, indispensable as symbols for the shorthand de- 

 scription of facts. It was with him a matter of conscience 

 to impress on his pupils that inductive philosophy building 

 upon correct observation forms the only basis for under- 

 standing the functions of the organism. Being well aware 

 of the seriousness of the task of educating young men, who 

 one day would be called upon to alleviate the agony of 

 human suffering, to lace with a firm eve a state of things 

 against which speculative reasoning is an impotent weapon, 

 he gave them for equipment the most precious instruments 

 which he himself possessed : his conceptions of the how 

 of life together with the best methods for studying it 

 objectively. 



It is no unnecessary digression to dwell here on 

 the personal characteristics of the great physiologist. 

 It was his personality that made him so great a teacher, 

 and it was as teacher that he exerted indubitably 

 an unparalleled influence over contemporary physiology. 

 Nearly 300 pupils have, under his guidance, contributed 

 by research to the furtherance of biology. Especially 

 intimate were the relations between the Leipsic laboratory 

 and British and American physiologists. Germany, 

 Austria, Italy, and Scandinavia form a strong contingent 

 ot Lud wig's pupils, many of whom rank as the foremost 

 physiologists in their respective countries, and, as his true 

 heirs, w r ork on in the spirit of his school. The school of 

 Russian physiology owes its being almost entirely to Ludwig. 

 Although, as already stated, Ludwig's power of attraction 

 as a teacher was largely due to his personality, deeper reasons 

 further contributed. Ludwig devoted his attention to 



