CARL LUDWIG. 327 



nearly the whole range of physiology, and not solely to 

 a few special branches, so that, however varied the in- 

 clinations or the talents of the pupils were, he was able to 

 allot to each a suitable task. The single field that lies un- 

 touched by him is, perhaps, the physiology of the senses ; 

 von Kries in his memorial of his late master has explained the 

 wherefore of this, namely, that Luclwig entertained mistrust 

 of the subjective methods indispensable to this kind ot in- 

 vestigation. As a natural consequence of the wide held ot 

 work occupied in Ludwig's Institute, all the collateral sciences 

 were enlisted to aid, macro- and microscopic anatomy, 

 physics, and chemistry. Ludwig understood in a masterly 

 way how to utilise the skill and knowledge of specialists in 

 those sciences for the purposes of physiology. Hence 

 arose often an interesting relation between teacher and 

 pupil ; the pupil himself, sometimes a master in his own 

 particular subject, willingly followed the inspiration of a 

 man who led his talents to new fields of observation. 

 From this happy collaboration a number of papers took 

 origin in Ludwig's laboratory, intrinsically valuable 

 from the accuracy and importance of their histo- 

 logical, chemical, or physical methods, and at the same 

 time full of deep interest from their results in regard to 

 purely biological problems. On the other hand, Ludwig 

 knew how to attach to himself numerous men who wished 

 later on to follow the more practical part of medicine, for 

 the investigations of the Ludwig school were practical in the 

 best sense of the word, being always directed to functions 

 actually occurring in the animal body, and, for the greatest 

 part, best observed through examination of the living 

 animal. A brilliant feature of his teaching was his 

 sketching plans of work for pupils, and in conducting the 

 execution of them. In most cases his worker had to 

 continue where another had left oft ; and it is a char- 

 acter and peculiar feature of the Ludwig Arbeiten, that 

 not one among them all ends with a summing up of 

 the results gained, but merely with modestly pointing 

 to the new questions arising out of the work done. The 

 very first conference with Ludwig usually showed the pupil 



