284 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



these on different scales. Of the larger ones, we notice one 

 extending from St. Bees Head to the north-west corner 

 of Anglesea, a second from Anglesea to the south-west of 

 Carnarvonshire, another from that point to Pembrokeshire, 

 south of that a large one passing Lundy Island to the 

 Land's End. Between the Land's End and the north 

 foreland are a number of curves terminated by the follow- 

 ing salient points : The Lizard, the Start, Portland, St. 

 Anne's Head, the south of the Isle of Wight, Selsea Bill, 

 Beechy Head, a point north-east of Hastings, Dungeness, 

 and the South Foreland. To the north of the Foreland, we 

 find a curve broken into by the Thames estuary and 

 extending to the coast of Norfolk, and north of it is a 

 feature unlike any other in England on so large a scale, 

 namely, the great salient curve of Norfolk, which, so far 

 as I am aware, has not been explained. Continuing north- 

 ward, we again meet with a series of embayments, bounded 

 by salient points, at Spurn Point, Flamborough Head, 

 Whitby and Dunstanborough. It would seem that many 

 of these larger curves are portions of an old coast line, 

 existing during the period of elevation marked by the 

 buried valleys. For instance, Lundy Island, situated on 

 the curve from Pembrokeshire to Land's End, seems to 

 represent a portion of a destroyed coast. Accordingly, we find 

 the curves are not only modified by estuarial expanses, such 

 as Morecambe Bay, and that lying south-east of Carnarvon- 

 shire, but a number of fjord-like indentations, indicating 

 depression, run far inland, like the Barmouth estuary, and 

 many of those on the coast of Devon and Cornwall. 



An examination of these coast lines in detail will show 

 important connections betwixt the geographical structure 

 and the physical features. Morecambe Bay seems to be 

 determined by the existence of soft new Red Sandstone 

 rocks faulted against the older rocks and the great sweep 

 from Cumberland to Wales is no doubt due to the existence 

 of these rocks. 



In later times, the primary curves have been modified 

 by smaller curves. For instance, the great curve from the 

 Start to Portland is modified by the occurrence of minor 



