296 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



peatedly recorded both in Egypt from the time of the 

 earliest portrait records (c. 3000 B.C.) and in what is now 

 Tunis and Tripoli from the time of Herodotus onwards. 



87. It has been long recognised that the predominant 

 and longest established element in the population of Spain, 

 namely, the type called Iberian, is very closely related to 

 the Mauretanian, Berber, or Libyan type of the opposite 

 African shore: and that the similar brunette and dolicho- 

 cephalic element which pervades the population of the West 

 of France and of our own country is to be regarded as a 

 further extension of the same immigration from the South. 



88. In Sicily and South Italy, a similar overflow of 

 Libyan peoples seems to be indicated by the predominance 

 of a type almost indistinguishable from that of the Spanish 

 area, and already recognised in the fifth century B.C. by 

 Thukydides or his authorities, as closely akin to it ; a fact 

 which confirms the impression that the Arab element, which 

 here, as in Spain, has to some extent to be taken into 

 account, is by no means wholly responsible for the fre- 

 quence of North African analogies. In Italy, however, 

 at all events, the peculiar local modifications of this type, or 

 group of types, which occur, are in the direction of similarity 

 to varieties which are so characteristic of the Greek penin- 

 sula and islands, that they cannot be wholly attributed to 

 the continuous intercourse which has gone on across the 

 lower Adriatic since the beginning of historic time. 



89. The question then arises : May we infer an overflow 

 of North African peoples into the iEgean area, similar to 

 that which has been already noticed from Morocco into Spain 

 and from Tunis into Sicily, to have occurred at any early 

 period between a similar, though, it is true, less closely 

 related pair of land prominences, namely, the Cyrennica on 

 the south and Peloponnese prolonged through Lytheia into 

 Crete on the north ? 



90. In Greece and the iEgean, unfortunately, the dis- 

 coveries of human remains of early date have hitherto been 

 comparatively rare ; but the predominant types which are in- 

 dicated by the published evidence correspond here also very 

 closely with the same group of North African " Hamitic" 



