ON SELECTION IN MAN. 409 



both born in the towns) gave indices, Clermont of yg'Sr 

 Lodeve of 797, Limel and Marsillarges of 82'i and 81 -3, 

 while the corresponding rustics gave 84*4, 82*3, and Zy^. 

 And in quite another part of France, De Lapouge found an 

 index of 82*8 in 67 pure urbans of Rennes, but one of 847 

 in 100 country-folk of the circumjacent canton. In Bor- 

 deaux and eight other cities of the south-west Collignon 

 found that the average difference of index between the 

 town and the country was about two units, at Bordeaux it- 

 self 2-3. Lower Austria, again, is a moderately brachy- 

 kephalic province, with an index of 82*2 and 25 per cent, of 

 dolichokephals : Vienna yields 81*2 and 2>7 P er cent., its 

 suburbs 81*5 and 32, and country villages 83-8 and 10. 

 Here we have, I think, a pretty distinct case of the selec- 

 tion of a race-type ; for many years ago I formed the 

 opinion tha tthe native Viennese were much more Germanic 

 than the surrounding country-folk, among whom features, 

 possibly dating from the Avar occupation frequently cropped 

 up. In connection with this "law of Ammon " several 

 other " laws " have been laid down, chiefly by De Lapouge. 

 One of these is the "law of altitudes" according to which, 

 " in regions inhabited jointly by Homo Europccus (the doli- 

 chokephal) and Homo Alpinus, the former is concentrated 

 in the lower levels ". Facts illustrative of this law are so 

 conspicuous that Johannes Rauke some years ago seemed 

 inclined to think that an elevated habitat did in some way 

 favour the production of a short-headed race. That is, of 

 course, highly improbable ; and it may be noted that very 

 high averages of brachykephaly are found in some very 

 level and lowlying regions, such as Poland, and Kostroma 

 in Russia. Moreover, the rule does not hold good in 

 southern Italy, where the two races in contact are the 

 Alpine and (not the European but) the Mediterranean 

 dolichokephal. Still, it is of very wide application and by no 

 means confined to Europe. The causes are partly political, 

 partly selective. A conquering tribe seizes first the terri- 

 tories least easy to defend, and retains for itself the most 

 fertile lands — these are usually identical, and lie in the 

 plains rather than in the hills ; moreover, the conquering 



