4 i2 SCIENCE PROGRESS. 



men of good intellectual standing" the heads were broader 

 on the average by two or three degrees than those of the 

 lower classes in that city. This part of the subject requires 

 more elaboration. 



Athletes (fifty-two members of athletic clubs) were a 

 selection in the dolicho-blond direction, i.e., in the direction 

 of the true old Germanic type, the average index in ten 

 purely citizen athletes being only 80*5, and their heads being 

 absolutely as well as relatively long, criminals (sixty at Frei- 

 burg), were a selection to some extent in the other direc- 

 tion, but not so distinctly. The kephalic index was normal, 

 but the head small, the skin dark, and brown eyes and 

 brown hair in excess. 



Another class studied by Amnion was that of clerical 

 students. He found them decidedly short-headed ; but as 

 they are drawn for the most part from the peasantry this is 

 what might have been expected. 



Phenomena of colour have been almost or quite as 

 carefully studied by Amnion as those of headform, but 

 not with quite so distinct or valuable results. In general 

 the numbers are not large enough to give anything better 

 than a moderate degree of probability. On the whole, the 

 blond type increases relatively with city pedigree and the 

 brown type decreases, but this is more distinct with regard 

 to the eyes than to the hair. The pure blond type of 

 Virchow (blue eyes, blond hair, fair skin) certainly increases 

 in the conscripts ; so it does in the " Realschulen," while 

 dark hair, though not dark eyes, increases in the gymnasia. 

 These results are difficult to reconcile with the facts which 

 I have given in a former paper, as to the deeper coloration 

 of both eyes and hair in German cities compared with the 

 surrounding rural districts. Perhaps both the fair Germanic 

 and the dark Mediterranean type (which latter, however 

 imported, does seem to be present in the Rhine Valley) may 

 be more favoured than the brown brachykephalic one, in 

 the struggle for survival as carried on in these cities, while 

 mixed forms, resulting from the crossing of incongruous 

 types, together with neutral eyes and round heads, are more 

 likely to be worsted and thrown out. 



