SCIENTIFIC SPELLING 361 



by a stress mark, since the double vowel must be reserved often 

 for a double or repeated pronunciation, which it is inconvenient 

 to indicate by a diaeresis. 



It would be seen therefore that amongst the vowel symbols 

 I propose there are not many that are completely new to our 

 types. is familiar to us through German, but as a matter of 

 fact I think it is most conveniently represented in printing, if 

 not in writing, by •©-. The two forms, however, might be allowed 

 to co-exist, both of them equivalent to the sound of u in ' hurt.' 

 B , which I have proposed for the French eu, is familiar to 

 many of us through the systems published by the International 

 Phonetic Association. 



3 (9) is best represented in the majuscule (not often required) 

 by 3. The minuscule — already described — is 9 (a reversed e). 



CI is familiar to us in its italic form of a. This must be 

 enlarged for the majuscule, and made erect for Roman print. 



for the French u is made familiar to us by German, and i/r 

 for the peculiar Slavic and Welsh sound already described is 

 so far outside the transcription of other European languages 

 that its consideration need not detain us here, especially as it is 

 not required in transcribing English phonetically and need 

 scarcely be used in Welsh, except perhaps in place of the 

 accented y. The ordinary equivalent of the Welsh unaccented 

 y is «, 1, or 9. 



In addition to these consonants and vowels there is a long 

 list of what I call half-letters ; that is to say, signs, accents, 

 tone and stress marks, aspirates, gasps, clicks, nasalisation, etc. 

 ' is the ordinary apostrophe or an indication of an elided vowel, 

 the equivalent of the Greek ' and of the Hebrew ^ ; ; = the 

 hiatus or gasp, the Arabic hamza, or the French h in ' haut,' 



1 Sahara.' f = the light aspirate, the English h or the Greek '. 

 It is not a symbol that need be much employed in phonetic 

 writing, as its place is best taken by the ordinary letter h. 

 P = the Arabic c (Bin), a faucal or velar contraction of the voice 

 very marked in the Semitic languages and imparting to the 

 vowel that follows an almost snarling sound. It is, however, 

 only a ' half-consonant,' and is best placed above the vowel that 

 it influences, instead of — as it were— breaking up a word by 

 appearing in the form of a consonant. ~ = nasalisation. Thus 

 n is sounded like the English ng. in 'singing,' and not like the n 

 in ' vanguard,' Nasalised vowels — 1>, a, $ , ^ — are sounded as if 



