REVIEWS 575 



barriers of Alpine valleys, across which, the post-glacial rivers have now cut 

 their way. 



We find that we have to deal with (i) "fiords," which are long and fairly 

 straight, and which usually have parallel sides ; (ii) " fiards" (p. 67), a name that 

 affords dangerous possibilities for the printer, though they are admirably escaped 

 by Messrs. Hazell, Watson & Viney, Ld., in the present volume ; fiards represent 

 the drowned regions of low coasts that are formed of hard rocks, and they usually 

 have deep interior basins and rock-bars ; (iii) " fohrden," a name rather like the 

 Swedish fjarden^ the word that has been translated by Prof. Gregory as "fiards " ; 

 the "fohrden" (p. 128) find their type in the inlets of Schleswig, which are fiards 

 originally formed by river-erosion on a low country of soft rocks, and which 

 commonly have alluvial bars ; and (iv) von Richthofen's " rias " (p. 69), which 

 are " submerged valleys found between the ends of mountain-lines which run out 

 to sea." 



Those who know the pleasant wooded inlets of Schleswig-Holstein will approve 

 the rather hesitating way in which Prof. Gregory mentions them as a separate 

 type. The conditions of the Danish peninsula, during its recent recovery from 

 ice-sheets and the sea, are so decidedly specialised that we need hardly extend 

 fohrden as a geographical term. The distinction between fjords and rias is often 

 difficult enough, unless we limit the former term to grooves resulting from the 

 widening, but not too great widening, of lines of fracture. 



This is practically the conclusion of Prof. Gregory. " The most typical fiord- 

 valleys occur where wide areas have been slowly upheaved into a flat dome or 

 arch. The slow uplift has rent the land along parallel or intersecting cracks " 

 (p. 479). He ranges over the coast-lines of the world, and again and again 

 describes their features from his personal observations. Though the triangular 

 facets in the fine photograph of the Cattaro Fjord (Plate VI.) appear to be 

 surfaces of dip and not of faulting, he usually makes a strong case for fracturing 

 as determining fjord-trend. An interesting problem, extending the conception 

 of marginal fractures to the continents as a whole, is stated on p. 468, but so 

 briefly as not to be generally intelligible. Do we not, in ordinary usage, say that 

 the earth rotates from west to east, rather than "from east to west"? The rest 

 of the book is so clear that we should like to hear further of these matters, much 

 in the manner of Mr. Dickson's treatment of the atmosphere in a recent book 

 about the weather. 



Geographers, geologists, and lovers of scenery will alike value this new treatise. 

 The photographic plates are very fine, and should set even the indolent turner 

 of pages upon paths of travel. The maps in the text are sometimes rather robust 

 in execution, and we cannot see anything in fig. 10 to justify its introduction 

 as evidence that the mountain- lines in Southern Peru are not parallel with the 

 coast. The text is admirably printed, and draws the reader on throughout its 

 five hundred pages. The author is responsible for " Bohnsland " on pp. 121 and 

 122 ; but the fief or Ian of Bohns is not translatable as " land." " Polje," on p. 206, 

 should be a singular and not a plural ; if we reject the Croatian plural polja, 

 geographers may wisely speak of "poljes." Is not " dolinas " similarly more 

 correct than " dolinje," for the hollows so aptly recognised as vertical valleys by 

 the peasant dwellers of the karstland ? The mention of these names shows how 

 wide a field is covered by a book on fjords, written by one who, in regional 

 surveys, has emulated the exploits of Camilla. 



G. A. T. C. 



