ESSAY-REVIEWS 147 



well indexed and have cross references. The book is well illustrated, and a 

 number of new figures are included. There are a copious index and a bibliography 

 of some length. In the section on Protozoa, references to more recent work are 

 given in footnotes, a scheme that could have been followed with advantage through- 

 out the book. It is not always easy for one desiring to consult original authorities 

 to find which author in a lengthy list is responsible for certain statements. The 

 make-up of the book renders it easy of reading, and there is considerable differen- 

 tiation of type, particularly in the first section. 



Section I, Protozoa, pp. 1-210, with its appendix, pp. 733-52, by Dr. 

 Fantham, gives a comprehensive account of the parasitic Protozoa, more especially 

 of those affecting man directly, though careful attention is given to those organisms 

 possessing potentialities for pathogenicity or capable of injuring man indirectly. 

 The whole range of the subject is considered, which is necessary nowadays, when 

 never was the need of a sound knowledge of comparative morphology more desir- 

 able. Care is taken throughout the section to describe fully the life-history and 

 the morphology of each organism discussed, to indicate its mode of transmission, 

 and to suggest prophylactic measures. Wherever controversial subjects are pre- 

 sented, both sides of the question are set forth, together with the references to the 

 original authorities for the same. 



Among the Sarcodina, there is a full and well-illustrated account of Entamoeba 

 histolytica in all its forms. E. colt, Noc's Entamaeba, E. gingivalis (or buccalis) 

 of the mouth, and other entamoebas of less importance are discussed. Notes on 

 the so-called " cultural amoebae" of Williams and Calkins, an account of Paramceba 

 and Craigia, now of increasing importance, with the cycle of Chlamydophrys are 

 included. A careful study of the morphology of Entamoeba histolytica should show 

 the need for a knowledge of comparative morphology, and for the avoidance of 

 dogmatic assertions concerning the same. 



Among the Flagellata, the Polymastigina and Protomonadina, including the 

 majority of the parasitic flagellates, receive most attention. The genera Tricho- 

 monas, Chilomastix (Tetramitus), and Giardia (Lamblia), all of topical interest, are 

 described and illustrated. The latest information available is incorporated in the 

 appendix. Stress is laid on the various modes of transmission of the flagellates 

 associated with diarrhoea and dysentery, and the role of rodents, insects, and water 

 set forth. Among the Protomonadina, members of the Cercomonadidae, Bodonidae, 

 and Trypanosomidae infect man. The account of Prowazekia urinaria is clear 

 and well illustrated. The Trypanosomidae, including the four great genera Try- 

 panosoma, Crithidia, Herpetomonas, and Leishmania, are all dealt with in detail. 

 Trypanosoma gambiense, T. rhodesiense, T. nigeriense and T. cruzi, all found in 

 man, are described as to their morphology and life-history in both the vertebrate 

 and invertebrate hosts, while the problem of reservoir animals receives adequate 

 treatment. There is a useful summary of the animal, serological, trypanolytic, and 

 cross-immunity reactions of Trypanosoma gambiense and T. rhodesiense. Various 

 animal trypanosomes that may occasionally be found in man, or that affect him by 

 destroying cattle, etc., are also described. There is an interesting account of the 

 power of adaptation of trypanosomes, of their variations in virulence, and of 

 development of drug-resistance among them — very suggestive topics. 



Much interest has centred around the Leishmania problem. The species 

 differentiated are described, the question of the insect transmitters and the various 

 views thereon are set forth, and an account is given briefly of the recent work on 

 induced herpetomoniasis through insect flagellates. The latter subject has pro- 

 bably far-reaching developments. 



