i 4 8 SCIENCE PROGRESS 



Spirochetes and Treponemata are well treated. Their general morphology 

 and life-history are detailed, while attention is drawn to the modes of transmission 

 of Spirochceta duttoni, S. recurrentis, and S, bronchialis . A useful summary of 

 Noguchi's results on the cultivation of various spirochaetes and treponemes is 

 incorporated, with references to the originals. 



The great group of the Sporozoa is entirely parasitic. It includes very 

 diversified organisms. A brief account of the Gregarines is followed by a detailed 

 one of the Coccidiidea, two genera of which, Eimeria and Isospora, are found in 

 man, though they are better known as parasites of rodents, carnivores, and birds. 

 The Haemosporidia are well described and illustrated, details of the recent results 

 on the development of Haemogregarines, cultures of human malarial parasites and 

 Piroplasma, as well as the morphology and developmental cycle of these organisms 

 being indicated. There is also a note on Paraplasma, thought by Seidelin to be 

 the cause of yellow fever, while an inserted slip records the Government report 

 against his view. 



Rhinosporidium and Sarcocystis among the Neosporidia infect man, and an 

 account of each is presented in a clear and concise manner. The Ciliata associated 

 with dysentery also are described and illustrated, while a comprehensive yet 

 concise summary of the various views held as to the nature, characteristics, 

 and life-histories of the problematic bodies, the Chlamydozoa, concludes the 

 section. 



It may be mentioned that the appendix contains not only notes on recent 

 researches, but also the formulas for some of the most useful media for the cultiva- 

 tion of protozoa and notes on certain useful fixatives and stains. 



Section II., Helminthes, by Dr. Stephens, is subdivided into three parts 

 dealing with the Trematodes, Cestodes, and Nematodes. A general account of the 

 anatomy and life-history of each group precedes the accounts of the different 

 genera and species. While due attention is given to the anatomy of the various 

 worms, there is also a constant striving after classification which obtrudes itself 

 upon the reader. Classification can only mark the state of our knowledge for the 

 time being, and there are no arbitrary boundary lines in nature. Again, classifica- 

 tion based on incomplete knowledge can only be temporary and subject to much 

 revision as more information comes to hand. The " Worms " are particularly 

 liable to such revision inasmuch as parts only of the life-cycle of many of them 

 have been determined. 



The Trematode parasites of man are described in detail. Many are only 

 occasional parasites in man ; thus Watsonius watsonius has been recorded but 

 once from man, the patient being a negro from German West Africa who died in 

 Northern Nigeria. Gastrodiscus occurs in 5 per cent, of the pigs in Annam, and 

 is sometimes found in man. The life-history of the liver fluke is detailed, and 

 twenty-eight cases have been recorded from man. The malady termed "halzoun" 

 in N. Lebanon, due to a fluke acquired by eating raw infected livers, especially of 

 goats, is more common. The genus Fasciolopsis seems widely distributed in parts 

 of China. When the genus Paragonimus is described, the new classification of 

 the species based on the structure of the spines due to Ward and Hirsch is 

 incorporated. Opisthorchis, Paropisthorchis, and Amphimerus are noted, and 

 attention given to Clonorchis, valuable work on which has been done by Japanese 

 investigators. Clonorchis sinensis and C. endemicus are still retained as distinct 

 species, though it has been pointed out that the distinctions between them are 

 artificial. As with other zoological groups, size and distribution have sometimes 

 been regarded as specific characters among worms, and such is not the case here. 



