PRE-PALiEOLITHIC MAN IN ENGLAND 469 



of his handiwork must in consequence be looked for in still 

 more ancient strata. 



The detritus-bed is generally about six to twelve inches in 

 thickness, and the crag surmounting it may be twenty or more 

 feet in depth. But it seems probable that during the suc- 

 ceeding glacial period a large amount of the crag was eroded 

 away, and that originally, therefore, there was a much greater 

 thickness than is now present. The Middle Glacial Gravel 

 which usually overlies the Red Crag is of Pleistocene date, 

 and supposed to be intermediate in age between the earliest 

 glacial deposits of the Norfolk coast sections and the later 

 Glacial Boulder Clay. 1 



This Gravel, which was probably formed by the breaking 

 up and redeposition of an ancient land surface, contains flint 

 implements of different ages, all of which exhibit flaking of a 

 different order to that in vogue in pre-Crag times. 2 Above 

 the Middle Glacial Gravel occurs the well-known Chalky Boulder 

 Clay which is supposed to be the direct result of land ice during 

 the glacial period. In this deposit I have found another series 

 of humanly flaked flints which again differ in their technique 

 from the succeeding Middle Glacial and pre-Crag specimens. 3 

 The three implementiferous beds I have described must not 

 be supposed to represent all the geological strata which go to 

 form the plateaux of East Anglia, nor must it be imagined 

 that the Red Crag period was succeeded by the epoch in which 

 the Middle Glacial Gravel was laid down. Between these two 

 periods a number of other beds were deposited, but these are 

 not represented in the Ipswich district. The Middle Glacial 

 Gravel and Chalky Boulder Clay do, however, represent a 

 correct sequence in point of time. 



This brief account of the pre-palaeolithic implements of 

 East Anglia and elsewhere will serve to demonstrate that in 

 England we have very clear evidence of the presence of races 

 of people making implements of a primitive type and who 

 lived prior to the time when the earliest palaeolithic implements 

 were fashioned. 



1 Geology in the Field, part I, p. 120 (F. W. Harmer, " The Pleistocene Period 

 in the Eastern Counties "). 



* " Flint Implements of Man from the Middle Glacial Gravel and the Chalky 

 Boulder Clay of Suffolk," J. Reid Moir, Proc. Prehis. Soc. of East Anglia, vol. i. 

 part 3, pp. 307-19. s Ibid. 



