88 BIRDS. PASSERES. Convus. 



Length 20, breadth 39 inches ; weight 22 ounces. Bill, smooth, black, with 

 the tip pale. Irides greyish-brown. Female wanting the grey. — Nest, in trees 

 or rocks, of sticks or straws, lined with wool. Eggs 5, like "those of the Car- 

 rion Crow. Young like the female — Feeds on carrion, eggs, and young poul- 

 try. Said to be migratory in England. Stationary in Scotland, and even in 

 Zetland. — The grey colour seems to become whiter and more obvious in a se- 

 vere winter. 



** Gregarious hi the breeding season. 



115. C. Moncdula. Jackdaw. — Head black; nape smoke- 

 grey. Back greyish-black. Tail little rounded. 



Monedula, Will. Orn. 85. Sibb. Scot. 15 — C Mon. Linn. Svst. i. 15C 

 Perm. Brit. Zool. i. 230. Temm. Orn. i. 111. — E, Daw; A',"Kae; W. 

 Cogfran ; G, Cathag — Common near old ruins. 



Length 14, breadth 284 inches ; weight 9^ ounces. Bill and legs black ; 

 irides greyish-white- Ear covers large. Wing covers and secondaries black, 

 glossed with violet. Beneath, bluish-black. The female has less grey. — Nest 

 in old buildings, of sticks, lined with grass and wool. Eggs 5, greei;ish-blue, 

 spotted with blackish brown. — Food consists of grain, worms, and insects. 

 Congregates in winter with rooks. 



116. Cfrug'degiis. Rook. — Bill nearly straight ; the skin 



at the baze naked and scurfy. 



Will. Orn. 84 — Spermologus frugivorus, Sibb. Scot — Cor. fr. Linn. Syst. 

 i. 156. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 221. Temm. Orn. i. 110 — S, Craw; W, 

 Ydfran ; G, Creumhach, Kocus, — In old woods near houses. 



Length 20, breadth 38 inches, weight 19 ounces. The naked skin at the 

 base ot the bill is covered in youth with the deflected bristles, but which are 

 rubbed off by the act of digging in the earth for food. — Nest on old trees, of 

 sticks lined with fibrous roots. Eggs 5, bluish-green, with dark blotches. — 

 Birds of this species frequent the same rookery, and are always gregarious. 



As connected with this group of birds, two species deserve to be noticed as 

 stragglers. 



1. Caryocatacles nucifraya. Nutcracker — Will. Orn. 90. Penn. Brit. Zool. 



11. C25 Nucifraga Car. Tern. Orn. i. 117- Selby's 111. 84 — It is noticed by 



Pennant as having been killed near Moyston, Flintshire, 5th October 1753 ; 

 and has subsequently been found in Kent, Northumberland, and one or two 

 other places Common on the Continent in flocks. Solitary individuals on- 

 ly have strayed hither. 



2. Coracias yarrula. Boiler Garrulus argentoratinsis, Will. Orn. 89 — 



Cor. gar. Penn. Brit. Zool. ii. C24. Temm. Orn. i. 127- Selby's 111. 86 — 

 An example of this bird is mentioned by Pennant as having been shot in 

 Cornwall ; and another at Dunkeld, according to Mr Selby, which is now in 

 the Edinburgh Museum — Common on the Continent. 



Gen. LI. CERTHIA. Cheeper. — Bill triangular, com- 

 pressed, subulate, curved. Hind claw large. 



117. C. familiaris. Common Creeper. — Plumage, above, 

 yellowish-brown, intermixed with black, brown and white. 

 Rump reddish. 



Will. Orn. 100. Linn. Svst. i. 184. Penn. Brit. Zool. i. 260. Temm. 

 Orn. i. 410.— A", Tree speelcr; W, Y Grcpianog — In woods. 



