BIRDS. PASSERES. 59 



1. Upper mandible hooked at the extremity. Notch well marked. 

 a. Bill compressed ; ridge of the bill arched and rounded. 



Lanius. 

 aa. Bill depressed. 



b. Bill at the base with numerous long stout hairs. 



Muscicapa. 

 bb. Bill with tender short hairs. 

 Bomby cilia. 



2. Upper mandible without a hook at the end. Notch less distinct. 

 a. Bill compressed. First feather in the wing very short. 



b. Tail long. 

 c. Tarsus longer than the middle toe. 

 Turdus. 

 Pastor. 



cc. Tarsus shorter than the middle toe. 

 Oriolus. 



bb. Tail short. 



Cinclus. 

 aa. Bill subulate, slender, slightly depressed at the base. 

 b. Bill a little enlarged at the base. Legs long. 



Saxicola. 



Sylvia. 



bb. Bill slender throughout. 

 c. Hind claw of ordinary size. 

 tl. Bill uniformly convex at the sides. 

 Curruca. 

 Accentor. 



dd. Bill approaching to concave at the sides. 

 Begulus. 

 Troglodytis. 



cc. Hind claw produced. 



d. Tail and scapulars produced. 

 Motacilla. 



dd. Tail and scapulars common. 

 Anthus. 



+t Upper mandible wanting the terminal notch. 



1. Bill strong, and of a conical form. Conieostres. 

 a. Mandibles crossing at the extremity. 

 Uoxia. 

 Corythus. 



aa. Mandibles acting in opposition. 



b. Ridge of the upper mandible nearly straight. 

 c. Palate with a tubercle. 



Emberiza. 

 cc. Palate plain. 



d. Hind toe produced, and nearly straight. 

 Alauda. 



dd. Hind toe of ordinary dimensions. 



e. Base of the bill with numerous hairs. 



Parus. 



ee. Base of the bill plain. 



