ESSAY-REVIEWS 679 



of love, are present also in the system of hate." In his analysis of hatred 

 the author expresses the opinion that with the progress of civilisation hatred 

 is becoming rarer ; the knowledge of foreign countries and their abandonment of 

 aggressive policies have diminished the hatred of foreigners. Mr. Shand did not 

 know what German " Kultur " meant, nor was the " hymn of hate " written when 

 these thoughts entered his mind. Much more appropriate to the present time are 

 the following quotations : Shylock asks, " Hates any man the thing he would not 

 kill?" " Destruction becomes the prominent end of hatred.'' "All means may 

 be adopted for this end, even that of prayer." These quotations from the 

 author's description of this sentiment are being well exemplified at the present 

 time by a whole nation. 



We find much more pleasure in reading Mr. Shand's work than those of many 

 other psychologists ; for he has with infinite care, skill, and pains attempted 

 the study of the tendencies of the emotions and instincts by an analysis of the 

 characters portrayed by the great novelists, poets, and dramatists. In this 

 part of the work we find the author at his best ; and even if the work had no 

 other merit than that of giving apt quotations on the foundations of character, 

 as exhibited in the portrayal of the sentiments, by the great authors, ancient 

 and modern, and especially the great English and French authors, its value as 

 a literary contribution to Psychology would be considerable. Again, Mr. Shand 

 is very happy in his illustration of the emotion and instincts of animals by his 

 references to the experiences of naturalists and hunters of repute, and in the 

 application of the same to his theories he has shown an acutely critical mind. 



When, however, the author attempts to frame a large number of systems and 

 laws upon the foundations of character, a by no means easy task to accomplish, 

 one has a feeling that in a natural desire to be a scientific and accurate 

 psychologist of the schools, he sacrifices that freedom and beauty of language 

 which we find so well exemplified in the study of character by the great novelists 

 and dramatists, and which Lessing, in adverting to Shakespeare, admirably 

 depicts : " He gives us a living picture of all the most minute and secret artifices 

 by which a feeling steals into our souls ; of all the imperceptible advantages which 

 it then gains, of all the other stratagems by which every other passion (sentiment) 

 is made subservient to it, till it becomes the sole tyrant of our desires and of our 

 aversions." 



Mr. Shand expresses this organisation of a sentiment in psychological terms 

 and by the law " Every sentiment tends to include in its system all the thoughts, 

 emotions, and qualities of character which are of advantage to it for the attain- 

 ment of its ends, and to reject all such constituents as are either superfluous 

 or antagonistic." 



The psychology of the foundations of character as exhibited in the motives 

 and conduct of human beings, and " the secret dispositions of men," has been 

 studied in all civilised countries by the great dramatists and novelists. In our 

 own times students of humanity, such as the Russian novelists Tolstoi, Dostoieffsky, 

 and Tourgenieff, breathe such life and action into their characters that, for the 

 time being, when reading these authors our minds are transported to the scenes 

 and actions their language portrays with such reality that we almost feel as if we 

 are acting a part, and responding by an echo of our own emotions and sentiments. 

 Mr. Shand, as before said, makes use of this source of inspiration very freely ; 

 thus, in alluding to the sentiment of avarice, he quotes in a very interesting 

 manner characters from Moliere's VAvare and Balzac's novel of Eugenie Grandet. 

 Avarice may be regarded as a morbid complex social product of the instinctive 



