256 CHARLES W. HARGITT 



incidental, but definite and purposeful. In flight there was no 

 apparent reaction of the sort, the specimen flying as much directly 

 against, as with the wind currents. In repose the specimen 

 showed the same pose of wings as Vanessa, a fact which was 

 rather unusual fona Papilio, whose attitude is usually quite the 

 opposite, namely, to rest with closed wings. The response to 

 shadows was essentially the same as Vanessa, though less marked 

 At times a specimen would remain at rest indefinitely under a 

 shadow, but the opposite reaction was predominant. 



The other species behaved in much the same manner as ' 

 Vanessa, but its photic reactions were much less marked. Its 

 behavior in relation to other species in flight was exactly as in 

 \ T anessa and other species already mentioned. This chasing 

 and buffeting behavior appears to be related to the mating 

 instinct, but it was not possible to distinguish that it ever 

 resulted in actual copulation. Further reference to this will 

 be made in another section. 



Numerous other observations were made, all giving about 

 the same results, and all revealing more or less clearly the indi- 

 viduality to which attention was directed in the introductory 

 section. It was quite evident that in this behavior one has to 

 recognize that reactions are not simple, nor are they definite 

 and stereotyped as might be expected on the assumption of the 

 so-called laws of phototropism. As Parker has well said, " this 

 problem, at least so far as butterflies are concerned, is much 

 more complex than was suspected by either Loeb or Davenport. 

 The reactions of Vanessa antiopa to light cannot be satisfac- 

 torily considered without dealing with the influence of heat, 

 food, and gravity." I think it may also be added, without 

 recognizing the influence of an individuality characteristic of all 

 higher organisms. 



Sex as a Factor in Behavior. Parker has emphasized the 

 probable relation of certain phases of the behavior, especially 

 that of the peculiar pose of the wings and photic orientation, 

 to the problem of ' bringing the sexes together during the 

 breeding season." This view has received no confirmation in 

 my observations. At no time have I ever observed a specimen 

 in flight hover about one in repose as if attracted toward it. 

 Invariably the first sign of recognition has been by the resting 

 specimen, which often appeared to be on watch for the passing 



