264 ARTHUR C. WALTON 



best results. In considering the records, the difference in the 

 time of day has not been considered of enough importance to 

 be mentioned in each series of trials. 



The system of retaining the stimuli at one compartment 

 until the dog reacted towards it correctly, begun in the " Two 

 Light " experiments, was continued in the new trials, with the 



Three Lights," thus the compartment with the poorest associ- 

 ation received the greatest number of trials. While this savored 

 of the trial and error method, yet it was the most successful 

 method that could be found. It was in fundamental accord 

 with the noticed behavior of the animal in learning the associ- 

 ation to any one bowl or food compartment. He had to learn 

 to react to each compartment separately, and thus set up the 

 habit of going to that one when he received the proper stimulus. 

 This method gave immediate results as compared with the 

 method used at first of a prearranged schedule of compartments, 

 and no repeating on a failure. There, in the case when the 

 cue to "number two" had been lost, it took a series of eighty- 

 one trials, twenty-seven of which were on ' number two," to 

 regain the lost cue and respond to it ten times in succession. 

 By this latter method the association is generally set up again 

 within two or three trials. 



The question of ' ' Punishment and Reward ' ' has been a very 

 important one to observers of animal behavior in the higher 

 forms of life. After the preliminary experiments it was decided 

 that a punishment, after an unsuccessful reaction, other than 

 that of losing the food was out of the question.- The dog lost 

 interest and became afraid to try for fear of punishment. That 

 the loss of food was in itself a severely felt punishment was 

 already shown by the sheepish action after a failure. His tail 

 dropped between his legs and he sneaked back to the release 

 box with his head down. It took several successful trials to 

 entirely lose his sheepish manner. 



RECORD OF EXPERIMENTS 



The dogs experimented with were not entirely unfamiliar with 

 associating the required reactions with the stimuli, for Dr. 

 Harper had trained them somewhat along such lines in working 

 on another problem. Thus the writer was able at once to begin 

 with light association experiments. Dr. Harper had found that 



