172 L. W. COLE 



what we could by the experimenter's operating them. Nor did 

 the raccoons attempt to claw at the levers, if the experimenter 

 manipulated them rapidly. In fact we developed the habit by 

 moving the levers slowly. This confusion on the part of Hunter, 

 Gregg and McPheeters appears to be due to my giving a logical, 

 instead of a chronological account of my experiments. 



The behavior of my raccoons was not, therefore due to touch. 

 Consequently Hunter's experiments with lights is more similar 

 to mine than that of Gregg and McPheeters, whose "card- 

 displayer" had some points in common with mine. 



As to cues from the experimenter, I always extended my hand 

 as if to feed the animal, at the negative as well as at the positive 

 series. My notes contain many instances, at first, of this re- 

 sponse to the hand. These were of course counted against the 

 animal, and finally he ceased to be influenced by the movement. 

 Different experimenters operated the levers and, in one case, it 

 was found that the animals were responding to unconscious 

 movements of the operator. This is mentioned in describing 

 the vision of the raccoon. 8 This experience shows that if the 

 mere presence of the experimenter, or his breathing, had been 

 the cue to which the animals were responding the raccoons 

 would have made far better records than they did, and the work 

 of months would have been reduced to days. I should still 

 prefer to have the experimenter present rather than to use the 

 system of strings, which caused the noise, the peep hole, the 

 opening for food, and to permit the noise of the experimenter's 

 movements, which had to be overcome by a metronome, all of 

 which were used by my critics. 



Conclusions: It is noticeable that, so far as Gregg and Mc- 

 Pheeters draw a conclusion, they ascribe the raccoon's behavior 

 to "motor attitudes," "sensory attitudes" and, if images were 

 present in our animal, they must have been kinaesthetic, i.e., 

 imaginal attitudes." (P. 258.) Thus they give the explanation 

 of the raccoon's behavior which Hunter found was entirely 

 inadequate to account for it, but which, he believes, does account 

 for the behavior of the dogs and rats. Perhaps, at the time 

 their experiments were made, Hunter's results were still in- 

 complete and it was assumed that the raccoon's behavior would 



8 Cole, Lawrence W. Observations of the senses and instincts of the raccoon. 

 Jour, of Animal Behavior, 1912, 2, 302. 



