BEHAVIOR OF SPIDERS AND OTHER INSECTS 421 



the sounding body to reach the specimens by any medium other 

 than the air. For producing the tones, the following instruments 

 were used: an adjustable organ pipe, an adjustable pitch-pipe, 

 and an Edelmann's Galton whistle. The moths were confined 

 beneath wire dish covers. Preliminary experiments demonstrated 

 that each of the instruments could be held a short distance 

 from the moths without causing a response, hence it was un- 

 necessary to hide the instruments ; precautions were taken, how- 

 ever, to prevent drafts caused by the instruments from im- 

 pinging on the moths. To all ordinary tones Telea polyphemus 

 is non-responsive. To see if this was due to deafness or merely 

 to a refusal to respond to the stimulus, the following method 

 was employed. " The organ-pipe was sounded five times in 

 rapid succession. Immediately thereafter the insect was roughly 

 handled for a few minutes. It was tossed about, gently squeezed 

 and thrown upon its back. This was repeated over and over 

 again, sometimes in one order and sometimes in another. After 

 the moth had quieted down the whistle was sounded again five 

 times in rapid succession. At each sound of the pipe the moth 

 would wave its wings. The author has tabulated the effects 

 of age, temperature and sex upon the responses. The paper 

 concludes as follows: — " 1. It seems certain that all four species 

 of the giant silk-worm moths investigated can hear. Three of 

 the species respond to a large range of sounds. The third, 

 Telea polyphemus, normally does not respond to sounds, unless 

 remaining as immobile as possible be considered a response. By 

 experimentally causing the moth to associate some disagreeable 

 experience with certain sounds, it can be induced to respond 

 to these sounds., 2. There is much evidence that the response 

 of moths to stimuli is an expression of emotion. The fact that 

 an insect does not respond to a sound is no sign that it does 

 not hear it. The response depends upon whether or no the 

 sound has a life significance." 



OLFACTORY SENSATIONS 

 See Severin and Severin under chemotropism. 



Beutel-Reepen (6) discusses the olfactory sense of the honey 

 bee and thinks Forel's flasks are olfactory organs. 



In a series of papers Mclndoo (56, 57, 58) has made a sub- 

 stantial contribution to our knowledge of the olfactory sense 



