BEHAVIOR OF SPIDERS AND OTHER INSECTS 42$ 



Graber (1887), Dubois (1895), Fielde (1901, 1903, 1905), Pieron 

 (1906), Wheeler (1910), Barrows (1907), Kellogg (1907), Sher- 

 man (1909); in various structures on the antennae by Erichson 

 (1847), Burmeister (1848), Vogt (1851), Wonfor (1874), Berg- 

 mann and Leucjhart (1852), Leydig (1860, 1886), Lowne (1870), 

 Claus (1872), Mayer (1878, 1879), Reichenbach (1879), Hauser 

 (1888), Kraepelin (1883), Schiemenz (1883), Sazepin (1884), 

 vom Rath (1887, 1888), Ruland (1888), Nagel (1892, 1894, 1909), 

 Dahlgren and Kepner (1908), Borner (1902), Schenk (1903), 

 Rohler (1905), Cottreau (1905); Berlese (1906) in the caudal 

 stylets by Paxkard (1870) ; on the base of the wings and on the 

 legs by Hicks (1857, 1859, 1860), Boiled, Lee (1885), Hauser, 

 Janet (1904, 1907). 



To settle experimentally the question Mclndoo amputated the 

 antennae of certain bees, wasps and ants and covered the anten- 

 nae of others with shellac or celloidin. Such mutilated bees were 

 abnormal in their behavior; sometimes they would respond to 

 odors and sometimes they would not. Bees with maxillae and 

 labial palps removed responded to odors the same as normal 

 bees. Bees with the proboscis removed, bees with the mandibles 

 amputated and bees with the buccal cavity plugged with paste 

 responded to odors. When the bases of the wings were glued 

 and when the legs were covered with vaseline and beeswax the 

 insects were much slower than usual in responding to scents. 

 These experiments caused Mclndoo to agree with Hicks that 

 certain peculiar pores found on the base of each wing and on 

 the legs are the olfactory organs. In his latest paper, Mclndoo 

 (56) makes the following criticisms of the researches of most of 

 his predecessors: — (1) Most investigators study the behavior 

 in captivity for only a short time and others did not investigate 

 the behavior of the unmutilated individuals. (2) When the 

 antennae are injured or removed the insect is no longer normal. 

 (3) In the honey bee the pore plates can scarcely be considered 

 olfactory, for the male has eight times as many as the female, 

 but responds to odors less frequently. (4) The pegs may be 

 eliminated because they do not occur in the drones. (5) Pore- 

 plates are not the olfactory apparatus of insects, for they are 

 entirely absent in the Lepidoptera. (6) Spiders smell; yet they 

 have neither antennae nor any organ that corresponds to them. 

 He closes with the following sentence: " In conclusion, it seems 



