426 C. H. TURNER 



and the rarity of their visit is the result of their memory of the 

 absence of food materials, not because the flowers lack an agree- 

 able odor, which is often not the fact. The flowers into which 

 Plateau introduced odoriferous sweet liquids were thus arti- 

 ficially converted into distinct physiological varieties. Since 

 flowers possessing conspicuousness, an agreeable odor, and a 

 liquid food are opposed to flowers possessing only conspicuousr 

 ness, it is clear that color was never brought into competition 

 with odor— the latter was invariably given the advantage. Colors 

 and odors attract the attention of insects, but bees in their 

 visits to flowers previously examined by them, are guided largely 

 by the memory of past experience; they are able to associate 

 different sense impressions and unconsciously make analogous 



inferences." 



MATING INSTINCTS 



McDermott (55) gives a resume of the literature showing that 

 in the Annelid worms and in the Lampyrid beetles phosphor- 

 escence is a mating behavior. He relates that the habits of the 

 phosphorescent Elaterid genera Pyrophorus and Photoporus are 

 unknown; and that Bolitophila luminosa is the only known self- 

 luminous fly. 



According to King (47), the littoral mite, Gamasus immanis 

 Berl., mates the latter part of August, in a manner similar to 

 that recorded for G. terribilis by Michael in 1886. 



Triggerson (85) observed that the male of Dryophanta ericacea 

 begins courtship by striking the female several times with his 

 antennae. These taps quiet the female and render her sub- 

 missive. 



NEST BUILDING AND MATERNAL INSTINCTS 



Detailed descriptions of the nesting and maternal habits of 

 the mason bees of his part of France are given by Fabre (23).* 



* The small space given to the discussion of Fabre's work is due not to a lack 

 of appreciation for him on the part of the reviewer; but to the fact that these articles 

 were originally published, in the French, several years ago, and it is believed that 

 most students of animal behavior are familiar with them in the original. The 

 reading of all of Fabre's works will well repay any student of animal behavior. 

 One will not always agree with his interpretation of the facts; for, to the day of 

 his death, he was uncompromisingly opposed to the theory of evolution. He 

 stands toward the animal behavior men of today in the same relation as did the 

 elder Agassiz to the morphologists of his day. Agassiz had collected a wealth of 

 material which he interpreted in terms of types of created things; but which his fol- 

 lowers, assisted by additional researches, interpreted in terms of morphological evo- 

 lution. Likewise Fabre has collected a wealth of material which he interprets in 

 terms of preestablished and unchangeable instincts; but which his followers, assisted 

 by additional researches, will interpret in terms of mental evolution. 



