428 



C. H. TURNER 



salts Fab. does not construct a turret. Odynarus annulatus is 

 variable in its habits. Sometimes it constructs a burrow with 

 a turret and sometimes it uses an abandoned nest of Pelopeus. 

 All of these burrowing species make locality studies before 

 beginning their excavations. Many of these forms suspend the 

 egg from the ceiling by a thread. Fabre thought this a device 

 to prevent the egg from coming in contact with the squirming 

 larvae. As Isely says, this cannot be true in all cases, for often 

 the caterpillars are packed closely about the egg. 



Beutel-Reepen (7) is convinced that the bees have ascended 

 from forms having the habits of the digger wasps, and he crys- 

 tallizes his opinion in the following table: 



BIOLOGICAL ANCESTRAL TREE OF BEES 



Meliponidae 



(Stingless bees) 

 Melipone and Trigonae 

 about 170 species 



Apidae 



Bombidae 



(Bumble bees) 

 about 250 species 



Apinae 



(Honey bees) 

 (Apis mellifica) 

 (A. indica) 

 (A.florea 

 (A. dorsata) 



Honey-comb- 



?emales (old) and unfertilized young females bearing partheno- 

 genetic eggs working together in the old nest. Beginning 

 of the one-family colony. 



(?) 



females see the brood emerge. Guard the nest, 

 like arrangement of cells. 



(Halictus quadricinctus) 



females see brood emerge. Guard the nest. 



(Halictus sexcinctus) 



females, two and more, occupy a burrow in common, but each 

 cares only for its own young. 



(Panurgus, Halictus, Osmia, Eucera, etc.) 



females, or females and males over-winter together. 

 (Halictus, Ceratina, Xylocopa, etc.) 



females, independently of each other, construct colonies of simple 

 nests. Beginning of the first social instinct. 



(Andrena, Anthophora, Chalcidoma, Osmia, etc.) 



emales construct isolated single nests. 



(Prosopis, Osmia papaveris, etc.) 



According to the Severins and Hartung (79), the melon fly 

 (Dacus curcubitae Cog.) oviposits in the stem, petiole, flowers 

 and fruit of pumpkins. 



Herrick (33) reports that the apple pest (Xylena antennata) 



Females die be- 

 fore the brood 

 emerges. 



