194 



COMPARATIVE ANATOMY. 



Bibliography. 



Tiedemann, Anatomic der Rohrenholothurio, des porneranzenfarbigen Seesternes und Steinseeigels. 

 Landshut, 1816. — Sharpey, Art. Echinodermata in Todd's Cyclopaedia. II. — Mulleh, J., Anato- 

 mische Studien iiber die Echinoderma. Arch, f. Anat. u. Phys. 1850. — The same, Die Erzeugung 

 von Schnecken in Holothurien. Berlin, 1852. — The same, Ueber den Bau der Echinodermen. 

 Abhandl. d. Berl. Acad. 1853.— The same, Sieben Abhandlungcn iiber die Larvcn und Metanior- 

 phosen der Echinodermen. Abhandl. d. Berl. Acad. 1818-55. — Saus, M., Oversigt of Norges 

 Echinodernier. Christiania, 1861.— Gkeeff, Sitzungsber, d. Gesellsch. z. Beiord. d. Naturw. zu 

 Marburg, 1871-70. — Teuschek, R., Beitr. z. Anat. d. Echinodermen. Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. X. 



Asteroida : Forbes, Ed., A History of British Starfishes. London, 1841. — Muller, J., and 

 Thoschel, System der Asteriden. Braunschweig, 1812. — Agassiz, A., Embryology of the Star- 

 fish. Contrib. to the nat. hist, of the U. S. Cambridge, 186-1.— Hoffmann, C. K., z. Anat. d. 

 Asteriden. Niederl. Arch. f. Zoolog. Bd. H. — Saks, G. O., On some remarkable forms of Animal 

 Life, II. Christiania, 1875. — Lange, Wilh., z. Anat. d. Aster, u. Ophiur. Morph. Jahrb. Bd. II. 



Crinoida : Mullek, J., Ueber den Bau des Pentacrinus caput medusa?. Abhandl. d. Berl. Acad., 

 is 14. —Thomson, W., On the Embryogeny of Antedon rosaceus. Phil. Trans. 1865, II.— 

 Carpenter, W. B., Researches on structure, etc., of Antedon rosaceus. Phil. Trans. 1866. — 

 Saks, M., Memoire pom' servir a la connaissance de3 Crinoides vivants. Christiania, 1868. — 

 Perkier, Ed., Rech. s. l'Anat. etc. des bras de la t'omatula rosacea. Ai-ch. de Zoolog. ex- 

 periment. T. II.— Gotte, Vergl. Entwickelungsgesch. d. Comatula rosacea. Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 

 Bd. XII.— Ltjdwig, H., Morph. Stud. (Crinoideen). Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. XXVIII. 



Echinoida ; Valentin, Anatomie du genre Echinus, 1841.— Hoffmann, C. K., Anat. d. Echinen 

 u. Spatangen. Niederl. Arch. f. Zool. Bd. I.— Agassiz, A., Revision of the Echini, P. 1-1. 

 Cambridge, U.'S. 1872-73.— Loven, S., Etudes sur les Echinoidces. Kongl. Svcnskn. Vet. Acad. 

 Handl. Bd. XI.— YVyyille Thomson, On the Echinodea, etc. Phil. Trans. 1874, P. II. 



Holothuroida : Quatkefages, Anatomic der Synapta Duverna^. Ann. sc. nat. II. xviii. — 

 Danielsen, C., og Koren, J., Bidrag til Holothuriarun udviklings-historie in Fauna littoralis 

 Norvegia?. II. Bergen, 1856. — Bauk, Beitrage zar Naturgeschichte der Synapta digitata. N. A. 

 L. C. XXXI. — Semper, C, Reisen in den Philippinen. Bd. II. 1. Holothurien.— Selenka, Z. Entw. 

 d. Holothur. Zcitchr. f. w. Zool. Bd. XXVII. 



General Form of the Body. 



§ 158. 



The morphological relations of the various divisions of the 

 Echinoderma to one another, and to the lower forms, are best 

 understood by a reference to their development. The larva, which 

 arises from the ovum, has only two antimera (bilateral symmetry) 



Fig. 94. Larval forms seen from the side. A Larva of a Holothurian. B Larva of 

 a Starfish (Bipinnaria-type). C D Vermiau larva?, o Mouth, i Stomach, a Anus. 

 v Praaoral baud of cilia, which is independent in B, C, and D, but in A surrounds an 



oral tract. 



and agrees in all essential points with the larva of the A.nnelides. A 

 ciliated band either surrounds the oral surface, which carries the 

 mouth (cf. Fig. 94, A), or is divided iuto two circlets, one of which 

 bounds the prasoral, and the other the postoral region (B). The 



